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                    <h1 class="text-body-emphasis" ><span data-i18n="fa6237b79d4aabb750904052504f7ff491adebb27bbecf9f6d06eccca1930615/df" data-source="user-manual" onmousemove="i18n(this)">user-manual</span></h1> <h2 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="_introduction"><span data-i18n="b605350bc00209520b7cd8f546322663356ba630708f71bbf30aead6b3dd608e/08" data-source="Introduction" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Introduction</span></h2> <div> <p><span data-i18n="0e3d884888dfe1ec9cf7a85cae2b79d67b0424dde8e03af98634aadce0ed128a/8a" data-source="Git is a fast distributed revision control system." onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git  &mdash; &bcy;&ycy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="473f8dd326b796c3f60cde369a817fdfa1d9e4420493cff983c53e6cb3d5a6b3/a5" data-source="This manual is designed to be readable by someone with basic UNIX command-line skills, but no previous knowledge of Git." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &chcy;&tcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &lcy;&yucy;&dcy;&softcy;&mcy;&icy;, &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&vcy;&ycy;&kcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ycy; &scy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; UNIX, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&vcy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; Git.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="bcc784803e942d59b14420842b8d3e6e5b2b7231d890e64354c35f51411fca27/15" data-source="&lt;a href=&quot;#repositories-and-branches&quot;&gt;Repositories and Branches&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;#exploring-git-history&quot;&gt;Exploring Git history&lt;/a&gt; explain how to fetch and study a project using git&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;read these chapters to learn how to build and test a particular version of a software project, search for regressions, and so on." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#repositories-and-branches">Repositories and Branches</a>  &icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#exploring-git-history">Exploring Git history</a>  &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy; &icy;&zcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; git &mdash; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&chcy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy; &gcy;&lcy;&acy;&vcy;&ycy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &icy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&gcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&icy;&icy; &icy; &tcy;. &dcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="cdc9e821008121d862bdcba6f61bbff4162277759feb9e5c8627a34a8e014b62/bb" data-source="People needing to do actual development will also want to read &lt;a href=&quot;#Developing-With-git&quot;&gt;Developing with Git&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;#sharing-development&quot;&gt;Sharing development with others&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Lcy;&yucy;&dcy;&yacy;&mcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&mcy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#Developing-With-git">Developing with Git</a>  &icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#sharing-development">Sharing development with others</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="358e988c7051983afbbb99c0ff8f757f01f18427a5ebec4b11d52914d3eb939f/76" data-source="Further chapters cover more specialized topics." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy;&shcy;&icy;&iecy; &gcy;&lcy;&acy;&vcy;&ycy; &ocy;&khcy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="47e19757d93733cc8fa599d7df79a37489d966a5cb51d9b1d90602260f6603e3/62" data-source="Comprehensive reference documentation is available through the man pages, or &lt;a href=&quot;git-help&quot;&gt;git-help[1]&lt;/a&gt; command. For example, for the command &lt;code&gt;git clone &amp;lt;repo&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, you can either use:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &dcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&acy;&khcy; &rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ucy;  <a href="git-help.html">git-help[1]</a> . &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;  <code>git clone &lt;repo&gt;</code>  &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-php">$ man git-<span class="hljs-keyword">clone</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="533fd7aab37e48dc1810d2032762d442ac4268c29affe636695ae0b0d22e803b/ee" data-source="or:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">or:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">help</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">clone</span></span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="2a8422a915fa77809e49cf285a57ae4117973f16270cb3eceeb1a2fbcc187823/56" data-source="With the latter, you can use the manual viewer of your choice; see &lt;a href=&quot;git-help&quot;&gt;git-help[1]&lt;/a&gt; for more information." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&ucy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&shchcy;&icy;&kcy; &pcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy;  <a href="git-help.html">git-help[1]</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="2bef81ac8cd14823116badc83d47bdffec7fe4566a3d4427ed282f7dea994e74/a5" data-source="See also &lt;a href=&quot;#git-quick-start&quot;&gt;Git Quick Reference&lt;/a&gt; for a brief overview of Git commands, without any explanation." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&mcy;. &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#git-quick-start">Git Quick Reference</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&zcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;  Git  &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="4da5fcfa445fdf0768e13ebc6222f3752ce284e858ed1804c2ad6ff39162f170/da" data-source="Finally, see &lt;a href=&quot;#todo&quot;&gt;Notes and todo list for this manual&lt;/a&gt; for ways that you can help make this manual more complete." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&tscy;, &scy;&mcy;.  <a href="user-manual.html#todo">Notes and todo list for this manual</a> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;.</span></p> </div> <h2 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="repositories-and-branches"><span data-i18n="4e17f9f2a53c220a57be839216eb4b0702177f55b1727ca886b3e40df07c7337/5b" data-source="Repositories and branches" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &icy; &fcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&ycy;</span></h2> <div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="how-to-get-a-git-repository"><span data-i18n="d999b1f7d54836ad35989b2a1d405e0e5a574583e05893804ccc6f09fa250a5b/1f" data-source="How to get a Git repository" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;  Git</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="2b561320de0b2be91f57875949446923c0ea65584a11b0aadd964dbaca8b70ec/52" data-source="It will be useful to have a Git repository to experiment with as you read this manual." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;  Git , &scy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&mcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ecy;&kcy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &chcy;&tcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a50659b8f451a39393822a9881f680280ce2bc192cdb24d1cd7820272f6345bf/c5" data-source="The best way to get one is by using the &lt;a href=&quot;git-clone&quot;&gt;git-clone[1]&lt;/a&gt; command to download a copy of an existing repository. If you don&amp;rsquo;t already have a project in mind, here are some interesting examples:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&shcy;&icy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &mdash; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ucy;  <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone[1]</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&rcy;&ucy;&zcy;&kcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&icy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &ncy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;, &vcy;&ocy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# Git itself (approx. 40MB download):"># &Scy;&acy;&mcy; Git (&zcy;&acy;&gcy;&rcy;&ucy;&zcy;&kcy;&acy; &ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy; 40 &Mcy;&Bcy;):</span>
$ git <span class="hljs-built_in">clone</span> git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git
        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# the Linux kernel (approx. 640MB download):"># &yacy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy; &ZeroWidthSpace;&ZeroWidthSpace;Linux (&zcy;&acy;&gcy;&rcy;&ucy;&zcy;&kcy;&acy; &ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy; 640 &Mcy;&Bcy;):</span>
$ git <span class="hljs-built_in">clone</span> git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="e937f31f2712c2abdc493b4b4ea4ab0499d350902bb185e386330bc9f488a624/a0" data-source="The initial clone may be time-consuming for a large project, but you will only need to clone once." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="ede087021b9a0687e89dfe21bec1ac4d7c4bd662f74dcd1a168ca4c1b4acbe19/0d" data-source="The clone command creates a new directory named after the project (&lt;code&gt;git&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;linux&lt;/code&gt; in the examples above). After you cd into this directory, you will see that it contains a copy of the project files, called the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_working_tree&quot;&gt;working tree&lt;/a&gt;, together with a special top-level directory named &lt;code&gt;.git&lt;/code&gt;, which contains all the information about the history of the project." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy; &chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; ( <code>git</code>  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  <code>linux</code>  &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&khcy;). &Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&jcy;&dcy;&yacy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&yucy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;&yucy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_working_tree">working tree</a> , &acy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&yacy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>.git</code> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&scy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy;&bcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="how-to-check-out"><span data-i18n="03c2282d03146f679933dbb6ce11a9a0b651b27f56a54d28ae8b38ca1cac3cc9/60" data-source="How to check out a different version of a project" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="9855e6d01abf17409423e0558c3e026419404322312982ed633c754a52eb76ca/58" data-source="Git is best thought of as a tool for storing the history of a collection of files. It stores the history as a compressed collection of interrelated snapshots of the project&amp;rsquo;s contents. In Git each such version is called a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit&quot;&gt;commit&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git  &lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&shcy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&scy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Ocy;&ncy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &vcy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy; &scy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &vcy;&zcy;&acy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;. &Vcy;  Git  &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&yacy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit">commit</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="03763e71804db003374bc73965cbd61c904c95aee75d9d7c860b53647f1ed824/a9" data-source="Those snapshots aren&amp;rsquo;t necessarily all arranged in a single line from oldest to newest; instead, work may simultaneously proceed along parallel lines of development, called &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branches&lt;/a&gt;, which may merge and diverge." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&acy;&gcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ucy; &ocy;&tcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&dcy;&tcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy; &pcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&lcy;&lcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branches</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="c3c6bf7f9977319f3ab73c440caa8627309692b8c909edbdcb02e0e6d498897b/34" data-source="A single Git repository can track development on multiple branches. It does this by keeping a list of &lt;a href=&quot;#def_head&quot;&gt;heads&lt;/a&gt; which reference the latest commit on each branch; the &lt;a href=&quot;git-branch&quot;&gt;git-branch[1]&lt;/a&gt; command shows you the list of branch heads:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;  Git  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &vcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;&khcy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_head">heads</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch[1]</a>  &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-markdown">$ git branch
<span class="hljs-bullet">*</span> master</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="e32ba47dc8b54edf6187d7c2cbb8e1723f2fdd4645cf5df47648721a44087718/e2" data-source="A freshly cloned repository contains a single branch head, by default named &amp;quot;master&amp;quot;, with the working directory initialized to the state of the project referred to by that branch head." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;&yucy;  &quot;master&quot; , &scy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&mcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &icy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &vcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&icy; &scy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="9b9a50f1795ff71b45433bb78da6eaa4d86fb528fba490ef90fd52cfce2df5d2/74" data-source="Most projects also use &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tag&quot;&gt;tags&lt;/a&gt;. Tags, like heads, are references into the project&amp;rsquo;s history, and can be listed using the &lt;a href=&quot;git-tag&quot;&gt;git-tag[1]&lt;/a&gt; command:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tag">tags</a> . &Tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&icy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy;, &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &icy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;  <a href="git-tag.html">git-tag[1]</a> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-python-repl">$ git tag -l
v2.6.11
v2.6.11-tree
v2.6.12
v2.6.12-rc2
v2.6.12-rc3
v2.6.12-rc4
v2.6.12-rc5
v2.6.12-rc6
v2.6.13
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">...</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7cfc70877cc122332ace3aa386abd39b84bf0ee785040ab713598fe41444bbd2/31" data-source="Tags are expected to always point at the same version of a project, while heads are expected to advance as development progresses." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy; &icy; &tcy;&ucy; &zhcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &acy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&vcy;&icy;&gcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy; &pcy;&ocy; &mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="c4204f980f5dffc9c9e9ef76f88de5983196231b39af915c3762239dacaa8f2f/37" data-source="Create a new branch head pointing to one of these versions and check it out using &lt;a href=&quot;git-switch&quot;&gt;git-switch[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&kcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy; &icy;&zcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy;, &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-switch.html">git-switch[1]</a> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-cpp">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">switch</span> -c <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> v2<span class="hljs-number">.6</span><span class="hljs-number">.13</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="a0beafb9dce12c752a5b55aede9a9354a301899a88c60be72e1e818642083c86/f9" data-source="The working directory then reflects the contents that the project had when it was tagged v2.6.13, and &lt;a href=&quot;git-branch&quot;&gt;git-branch[1]&lt;/a&gt; shows two branches, with an asterisk marking the currently checked-out branch:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&lcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; v2.6.13, &acy;  <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch[1]</a>  &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&vcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy; &zcy;&vcy;&iecy;&zcy;&dcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;, &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-cpp">$ git branch
  master
* <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="894f2d7588a64b386c073cc65e89a57f788a7b4674d1c7ed2f37ae8683fda49a/5c" data-source="If you decide that you&amp;rsquo;d rather see version 2.6.17, you can modify the current branch to point at v2.6.17 instead, with" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; 2.6.17, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&ncy;&acy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &ncy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; 2.6.17, &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua">$ git reset <span class="hljs-comment">--hard v2.6.17</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="032847c2ce54362a36154ff769dbffe335f80357304685a5c7b2341eff17bb77/d3" data-source="Note that if the current branch head was your only reference to a particular point in history, then resetting that branch may leave you with no way to find the history it used to point to; so use this command carefully." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;: &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&kcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &tcy;&ocy; &scy;&bcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &lcy;&icy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &ocy;&ncy; &rcy;&acy;&ncy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;; &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ucy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ucy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="understanding-commits"><span data-i18n="539c6a57a9840380daa9f7abf627794d8c7ed91cff58ed7e5912a29887e6d53a/19" data-source="Understanding History: Commits" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;: &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="a24ed359660a0e0c8b1490b6c472d12750cd134edbef29cb7c19a2431bc859f1/62" data-source="Every change in the history of a project is represented by a commit. The &lt;a href=&quot;git-show&quot;&gt;git-show[1]&lt;/a&gt; command shows the most recent commit on the current branch:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;. &Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-show.html">git-show[1]</a>  &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-diff">$ git show
commit 17cf781661e6d38f737f15f53ab552f1e95960d7
Author: Linus Torvalds &lt;<a href="https://runebook.dev/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="75011a070314191106350505164c42455b1a0611195b1a0712">[email&#160;protected]</a>.(none)&gt;
Date:   Tue Apr 19 14:11:06 2005 -0700

    Remove duplicate getenv(DB_ENVIRONMENT) call

    Noted by Tony Luck.

<span class="hljs-comment" title="diff --git a/init-db.c b/init-db.c">diff --git a/init-db.cb/init-db.c</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="index 65898fa..b002dc6 100644">&icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; 65898fa..b002dc6 100644</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">--- a/init-db.c</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">+++ b/init-db.c</span>
<span class="hljs-meta">@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@</span>

 int main(int argc, char **argv)
 {
<span class="hljs-deletion">-        char *sha1_dir = getenv(DB_ENVIRONMENT), *path;</span>
<span class="hljs-addition">+        char *sha1_dir, *path;</span>
         int len, i;

         if (mkdir(&quot;.git&quot;, 0755) &lt; 0) {</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="b3e77af4babba8aaf08def7719e280aa4d713a1616ecc47d83d83d59b3402ef2/ba" data-source="As you can see, a commit shows who made the latest change, what they did, and why." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &kcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a2c5eb640077198512c42be27b5ee415649fb0a014a3e73399f01d1076317b41/c8" data-source="Every commit has a 40-hexdigit id, sometimes called the &amp;quot;object name&amp;quot; or the &amp;quot;SHA-1 id&amp;quot;, shown on the first line of the &lt;code&gt;git show&lt;/code&gt; output. You can usually refer to a commit by a shorter name, such as a tag or a branch name, but this longer name can also be useful. Most importantly, it is a globally unique name for this commit: so if you tell somebody else the object name (for example in email), then you are guaranteed that name will refer to the same commit in their repository that it does in yours (assuming their repository has that commit at all). Since the object name is computed as a hash over the contents of the commit, you are guaranteed that the commit can never change without its name also changing." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; 40-&shcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&acy;&dcy;&tscy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;, &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy;  &quot;object name&quot;  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  &quot;SHA-1 id&quot; , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&acy;  <code>git show</code> . &Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &pcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &pcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ucy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &ncy;&ocy; &icy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&lcy;&icy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ocy;. &Scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &gcy;&lcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &gcy;&lcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ucy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;: &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;-&tcy;&ocy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; (&ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &vcy; &ecy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy;&mcy;&iecy;), &tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &gcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy; &icy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy; &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&mcy; ( &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &ucy;&scy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&icy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy; &icy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &vcy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;). &Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &khcy;&iecy;&shcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;, &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &gcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &ncy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="1beb092dc3e9a3f7d513e3c1eb08d1942fca7d1629f866b26e169fabdaea3af3/58" data-source="In fact, in &lt;a href=&quot;#git-concepts&quot;&gt;Git concepts&lt;/a&gt; we shall see that everything stored in Git history, including file data and directory contents, is stored in an object with a name that is a hash of its contents." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Fcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;, &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">Git concepts</a>  &mcy;&ycy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;  Git , &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&yacy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &khcy;&ecy;&shcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;.</span></p> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="understanding-reachability"><span data-i18n="b1cf0b49bac63d074dcf56b9081b366217e23f7c91b84a2dbe954fd63247cfca/60" data-source="Understanding history: commits, parents, and reachability" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;: &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;, &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy; &icy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="5cc7e91fc339b8496a666bb1cf34a3880879374a6e13858b9f85e9d6a4385b60/6c" data-source="Every commit (except the very first commit in a project) also has a parent commit which shows what happened before this commit. Following the chain of parents will eventually take you back to the beginning of the project." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; (&kcy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy;) &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&ocy;&shcy;&lcy;&ocy; &dcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;. &Scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy; &tscy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&iecy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &icy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &kcy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&ucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="3e06f4075de4ae67fcab43d16d50cc03eb121000be2fa45c991c80ef4aa4f738/8b" data-source="However, the commits do not form a simple list; Git allows lines of development to diverge and then reconverge, and the point where two lines of development reconverge is called a &amp;quot;merge&amp;quot;. The commit representing a merge can therefore have more than one parent, with each parent representing the most recent commit on one of the lines of development leading to that point." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy;;  Git  &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&icy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy; &scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy;, &acy; &tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&acy;, &gcy;&dcy;&iecy; &dcy;&vcy;&iecy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&softcy; &scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;, &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  &quot;merge&quot; . &Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;, &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &kcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="10b115d88e997b398c84da7be561e5840781e76eed056e525a1264cf6a68e500/3b" data-source="The best way to see how this works is using the &lt;a href=&quot;gitk&quot;&gt;gitk[1]&lt;/a&gt; command; running gitk now on a Git repository and looking for merge commits will help understand how Git organizes history." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&shcy;&icy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &mdash; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ucy;  <a href="gitk.html">gitk[1]</a> ; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy; gitk &scy;&iecy;&jcy;&chcy;&acy;&scy; &vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;  Git  &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&icy;&scy;&kcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  Git  &ocy;&rcy;&gcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="398977231e1780a1d421d5c47416352af7059e0ae9d04400f0fa7af5eb30037e/92" data-source="In the following, we say that commit X is &amp;quot;reachable&amp;quot; from commit Y if commit X is an ancestor of commit Y. Equivalently, you could say that Y is a descendant of X, or that there is a chain of parents leading from commit Y to commit X." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &mcy;&ycy; &gcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; X &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;  &quot;reachable&quot;  &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy; Y, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; X &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy; Y. &Ecy;&kcy;&vcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; Y &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; X &icy;&lcy;&icy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &tscy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&acy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy; Y &kcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy; Y. &scy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &KHcy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="history-diagrams"><span data-i18n="e76113fec62c7a5059d857942c48e70849384d61d2a2f49981fd933e9104ab7e/81" data-source="Understanding history: History diagrams" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;: &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&icy;&acy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy;&ycy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="0c4ad464586538441b907cf14df9f784872edc43930259a00543dfc762759914/b9" data-source="We will sometimes represent Git history using diagrams like the one below. Commits are shown as &amp;quot;o&amp;quot;, and the links between them with lines drawn with - / and \. Time goes left to right:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &mcy;&ycy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;  Git , &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yacy; &dcy;&icy;&acy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy;&ycy;, &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &ncy;&icy;&zhcy;&iecy;. &Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  &quot;o&quot; , &acy; &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&icy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &ncy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;, &ncy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; - / &icy; \. &Vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ocy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-css">         o<span class="hljs-attr">--o--o</span> &lt;-- Branch <span class="hljs-selector-tag">A</span>
        /
 o<span class="hljs-attr">--o--o</span> &lt;-- master
        \
         o<span class="hljs-attr">--o--o</span> &lt;-- Branch <span class="hljs-selector-tag">B</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="14b2d3f8284cd027ec470dfa3f7cee598277d52efed5aae5230d7444310fd0ec/3f" data-source="If we need to talk about a particular commit, the character &amp;quot;o&amp;quot; may be replaced with another letter or number." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;  &quot;o&quot;  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ucy;&yucy; &bcy;&ucy;&kcy;&vcy;&ucy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &tscy;&icy;&fcy;&rcy;&ucy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="what-is-a-branch"><span data-i18n="ce9ca45314620650de2e827d789796be6faa1c78a7ba25490fbbce708c200b11/7d" data-source="Understanding history: What is a branch?" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;: &CHcy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&softcy;?</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="288cedb73121e6b952b2fb7c1dbbf674ddf3d02bcd677276b3883bc4eda3f295/d2" data-source="When we need to be precise, we will use the word &amp;quot;branch&amp;quot; to mean a line of development, and &amp;quot;branch head&amp;quot; (or just &amp;quot;head&amp;quot;) to mean a reference to the most recent commit on a branch. In the example above, the branch head named &amp;quot;A&amp;quot; is a pointer to one particular commit, but we refer to the line of three commits leading up to that point as all being part of &amp;quot;branch A&amp;quot;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;, &mcy;&ycy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&mcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;  &quot;branch&quot;  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &acy;  &quot;branch head&quot;  (&icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;  &quot;head&quot; ) &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;. &Vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&kcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  &quot;A&quot;  &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &ncy;&ocy; &mcy;&ycy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy;&zcy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy; &kcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ncy;&acy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;  &quot;branch A&quot; .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="b64a75bf5ef714341964091fd835617217d47d48c0bbd449c317c5c5b7559d48/4f" data-source="However, when no confusion will result, we often just use the term &amp;quot;branch&amp;quot; both for branches and for branch heads." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&ycy; &ncy;&iecy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &mcy;&ycy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&mcy; &tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&mcy;&icy;&ncy;  &quot;branch&quot;  &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &icy;&khcy; &rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy;.</span></p> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="manipulating-branches"><span data-i18n="e2a1a4bdf0dff1997780c801e1b9ce6e332859915f08acd8f1243b02046fbd81/fb" data-source="Manipulating branches" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Manipulating branches</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="a4c161117af98e14f5e67321a27606a741b1f49abc0e1087fc15e8fc507d926d/bb" data-source="Creating, deleting, and modifying branches is quick and easy; here&amp;rsquo;s a summary of the commands:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy; &icy; &lcy;&iecy;&gcy;&kcy;&ocy;; &vcy;&ocy;&tcy; &kcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;:</span></p> <div> <dl> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-codegitbranchcode"> <code>git branch</code> </dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="3c3f111b1b34afbdb0d5854f1694117692c1f7c33b89bba7ab661f1698464e6f/7f" data-source="list all branches." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &fcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&ycy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-codegitbranchltbranchgtcode"> <code>git branch &lt;branch&gt;</code> </dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="a6788b7ee8908a3080dc32871f06a38cce6556b0a900d0b4298470f0c6c120c1/3d" data-source="create a new branch named &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;branch&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, referencing the same point in history as the current branch." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>&lt;branch&gt;</code> , &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-codegitbranchltbranchgtltstart-pointgtcode"> <code>git branch &lt;branch&gt; &lt;start-point&gt;</code> </dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="cbf13c056092e6d1e6100ae160c5cd909e6a234e4711c537b978693b2b2ed86f/08" data-source="create a new branch named &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;branch&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, referencing &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;start-point&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, which may be specified any way you like, including using a branch name or a tag name." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>&lt;branch&gt;</code>  , &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;  <code>&lt;start-point&gt;</code>  , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ycy;&mcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-codegitbranch-dltbranchgtcode"> <code>git branch -d &lt;branch&gt;</code> </dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="101e66d1a35f3e10e4dc5ffc59f84abf9bb7a9a05de1f2436e44518f3582f2d3/17" data-source="delete the branch &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;branch&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;; if the branch is not fully merged in its upstream branch or contained in the current branch, this command will fail with a warning." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;  <code>&lt;branch&gt;</code>  ; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;&yucy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &scy;&ocy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;, &ecy;&tcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-codegitbranch-Dltbranchgtcode"> <code>git branch -D &lt;branch&gt;</code> </dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="97923d591ec367fd13a73ddb4fa8cafb69141ba61640eeeb46cd18abb4114eb9/02" data-source="delete the branch &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;branch&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; irrespective of its merged status." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;  <code>&lt;branch&gt;</code>  &ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy; &iecy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ucy;&scy;&acy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-codegitswitchltbranchgtcode"> <code>git switch &lt;branch&gt;</code> </dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="f383f30fd426c6cb4a2becb81307e861b398af2adf6bab349abd00a618590f9c/c7" data-source="make the current branch &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;branch&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, updating the working directory to reflect the version referenced by &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;branch&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&softcy;  <code>&lt;branch&gt;</code> , &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&vcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&ncy; &ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&acy;&lcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <code>&lt;branch&gt;</code> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-codegitswitch-cltnewgtltstart-pointgtcode"> <code>git switch -c &lt;new&gt; &lt;start-point&gt;</code> </dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="121bafa4fd9503712271ddf21849aa5d1ef242d913599718c059659aa31cbe63/54" data-source="create a new branch &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;new&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; referencing &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;start-point&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, and check it out." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;  <code>&lt;new&gt;</code> , &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;  <code>&lt;start-point&gt;</code> , &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy; &iecy;&iecy;.</span></p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p><span data-i18n="63b42ab747c6037f6d92419d93fb58785ea222ea774eb3e681a3d5dfd0b69bdf/b7" data-source="The special symbol &amp;quot;HEAD&amp;quot; can always be used to refer to the current branch. In fact, Git uses a file named &lt;code&gt;HEAD&lt;/code&gt; in the &lt;code&gt;.git&lt;/code&gt; directory to remember which branch is current:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;  &quot;HEAD&quot;  &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;. &Fcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;,  Git  &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>HEAD</code>  &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy;  <code>.git</code> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">$ <span class="hljs-built_in">cat</span> .git/HEAD
ref: refs/heads/master</pre> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="detached-head"><span data-i18n="f357f92ab7db57079d45230a0617e6b55a80af7e582e12d3711cfe2362273a56/aa" data-source="Examining an old version without creating a new branch" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&zcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="2d9d9aa54911f8242caa9718f8b7ec76200e161c3e05be664fefd5ca4c40b4bc/8a" data-source="The &lt;code&gt;git switch&lt;/code&gt; command normally expects a branch head, but will also accept an arbitrary commit when invoked with --detach; for example, you can check out the commit referenced by a tag:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <code>git switch</code>  &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &ncy;&ocy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy; &scy; --detach; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-csharp">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">switch</span> --detach v2<span class="hljs-number">.6</span><span class="hljs-number">.17</span>
Note: checking <span class="hljs-keyword">out</span> <span class="hljs-string">&apos;v2.6.17&apos;</span>.

You are <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> <span class="hljs-string">&apos;detached HEAD&apos;</span> state. You can look around, make experimental
changes <span class="hljs-keyword">and</span> commit them, <span class="hljs-keyword">and</span> you can discard any commits you make <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>
state without impacting any branches <span class="hljs-keyword">by</span> performing another <span class="hljs-keyword">switch</span>.

If you want to create a <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> branch to retain commits you create, <span class="hljs-function">you may
<span class="hljs-keyword">do</span> <span class="hljs-title">so</span> (<span class="hljs-params">now <span class="hljs-keyword">or</span> later</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">by</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">using</span> -c <span class="hljs-keyword">with</span> the <span class="hljs-keyword">switch</span> command again. Example:

  git <span class="hljs-keyword">switch</span> -c new_branch_name

HEAD <span class="hljs-keyword">is</span> now at 427abfa Linux v2.6.17</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="5ec6c8a6c61ac7ab8669d5099f12e253107d42cb17b44c87a05a0188f4384e78/cf" data-source="The HEAD then refers to the SHA-1 of the commit instead of to a branch, and git branch shows that you are no longer on a branch:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; HEAD &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; SHA-1 &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;, &acy; &ncy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &acy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;  git  &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &vcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cat</span> .git/HEAD</span>
427abfa28afedffadfca9dd8b067eb6d36bac53f
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git branch</span>
* (detached from v2.6.17)
  master</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="81266fe47e683873238c2ce57a1a7b5104f0ec9d3dbc102c6763d0d231cf6c20/b9" data-source="In this case we say that the HEAD is &amp;quot;detached&amp;quot;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &mcy;&ycy; &gcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; HEAD &mdash;  &quot;detached&quot; .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="e8da4364c67d30e9e143b82a56b3f125534664765bb8f2736fb20d1fb1966e94/a7" data-source="This is an easy way to check out a particular version without having to make up a name for the new branch. You can still create a new branch (or tag) for this version later if you decide to." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&dcy;&ucy;&mcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; (&icy;&lcy;&icy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;) &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&zhcy;&iecy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="examining-remote-branches"><span data-i18n="57491e9a6ad117a1c8967cb7d86d8b5eed6743f9828963d762b77b2abc26218d/f0" data-source="Examining branches from a remote repository" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&kcy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy; &icy;&zcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="2e65f540fdd41146d45c87b062ef617f585814ebaa63d917cf371c9fc433aaf1/f2" data-source="The &amp;quot;master&amp;quot; branch that was created at the time you cloned is a copy of the HEAD in the repository that you cloned from. That repository may also have had other branches, though, and your local repository keeps branches which track each of those remote branches, called remote-tracking branches, which you can view using the &lt;code&gt;-r&lt;/code&gt; option to &lt;a href=&quot;git-branch&quot;&gt;git-branch[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;  &quot;master&quot; , &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy; HEAD &vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;. &Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &icy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&zcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&khcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yacy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;  <code>-r</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy;  <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch[1]</a>  :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">$ git branch -r
  origin/HEAD
  origin/html
  origin/maint
  origin/man
  origin/master
  origin/next
  origin/seen
  origin/todo</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="3663f43a866411cef4caae9ba770b319ec5ff7b8267fef71b26da3b2a8ae87d8/fa" data-source="In this example, &amp;quot;origin&amp;quot; is called a remote repository, or &amp;quot;remote&amp;quot; for short. The branches of this repository are called &amp;quot;remote branches&amp;quot; from our point of view. The remote-tracking branches listed above were created based on the remote branches at clone time and will be updated by &lt;code&gt;git fetch&lt;/code&gt; (hence &lt;code&gt;git pull&lt;/code&gt;) and &lt;code&gt;git push&lt;/code&gt;. See &lt;a href=&quot;#Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch&quot;&gt;Updating a repository with git fetch&lt;/a&gt; for details." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;  &quot;origin&quot;  &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&kcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;  &quot;remote&quot; . &Vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &scy; &ncy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&icy; &zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  &quot;remote branches&quot; . &Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ycy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy;  <code>git fetch</code>  (&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;,  <code>git pull</code>  ) &icy;  <code>git push</code>  . &Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch">Updating a repository with git fetch</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a94adc5a3fe337478a8dc0de6af9667e28cccd2d017ca878854f50b33b0417e3/9e" data-source="You might want to build on one of these remote-tracking branches on a branch of your own, just as you would for a tag:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy; &icy;&zcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&jcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &vcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-go">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">switch</span> -c my-todo-<span class="hljs-built_in">copy</span> origin/todo</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7629ea15eb7d5a5405a9624eaf96b127392267ff5502a6afa162d95fb9e57c73/fa" data-source="You can also check out &lt;code&gt;origin/todo&lt;/code&gt; directly to examine it or write a one-off patch. See &lt;a href=&quot;#detached-head&quot;&gt;detached head&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&yacy;&mcy;&ucy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>origin/todo</code>  &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;. &Scy;&mcy;.  <a href="user-manual.html#detached-head">detached head</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="50fa318da9a1124fcf413031e1d6747c6973514ad74b6cf527efd43a58a2e03d/32" data-source="Note that the name &amp;quot;origin&amp;quot; is just the name that Git uses by default to refer to the repository that you cloned from." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy;  &quot;origin&quot;  &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;  Git  &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;, &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="how-git-stores-references"><span data-i18n="bf8aa2521d1126344ca6bcce00032d18056d8b9243ccff25e173740bf5d0f9c2/77" data-source="Naming branches, tags, and other references" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy;&kcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="b65ce8ce7ed50347a7c037287d554abbe14d878232a06b52e3c0666174c102dc/5b" data-source="Branches, remote-tracking branches, and tags are all references to commits. All references are named with a slash-separated path name starting with &lt;code&gt;refs&lt;/code&gt;; the names we&amp;rsquo;ve been using so far are actually shorthand:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&icy; &mdash; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;. &Vcy;&scy;&iecy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy;, &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&jcy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy;, &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;  <code>refs</code>  ; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &mcy;&ycy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&ocy; &scy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;, &ncy;&acy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&kcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy;:</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="67deb057174a48d84a34343eed4b2eb29be392058231b656c14c5bd20a72ca5e/11" data-source="The branch &lt;code&gt;test&lt;/code&gt; is short for &lt;code&gt;refs/heads/test&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;  <code>test</code>  &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&kcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&tcy;  <code>refs/heads/test</code> .</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="618a09e42dc2e8a7a04da0566260b48e79a87c76c0151663986fd969e630b631/92" data-source="The tag &lt;code&gt;v2.6.18&lt;/code&gt; is short for &lt;code&gt;refs/tags/v2.6.18&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&iecy;&gcy;  <code>v2.6.18</code>  &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&kcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&tcy;  <code>refs/tags/v2.6.18</code> .</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="73fcb71517420aa63370a9252b209f92233e599eb7b5460e3cda237072ae7054/46" data-source="&lt;code&gt;origin/master&lt;/code&gt; is short for &lt;code&gt;refs/remotes/origin/master&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><code>origin/master</code>  &mdash; &scy;&ocy;&kcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;  <code>refs/remotes/origin/master</code> .</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> <p><span data-i18n="3d70a06ad11aa28b48533aa91db5f867a428277fab2a98b42c98c0b27806b557/0b" data-source="The full name is occasionally useful if, for example, there ever exists a tag and a branch with the same name." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &bcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy; &icy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &scy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&mcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="37ab9728cf3364c0ab615d6b5a5c49e018db8825dc56bc9a1d3fe42a0f8595ed/f8" data-source="(Newly created refs are actually stored in the &lt;code&gt;.git/refs&lt;/code&gt; directory, under the path given by their name. However, for efficiency reasons they may also be packed together in a single file; see &lt;a href=&quot;git-pack-refs&quot;&gt;git-pack-refs[1]&lt;/a&gt;)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">(&Vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy;  <code>.git/refs</code>  &pcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy;, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &vcy; &icy;&khcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;. &Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &ecy;&fcy;&fcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &ucy;&pcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ycy; &vcy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;; &scy;&mcy;.  <a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs[1]</a> ).</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="6347b9da4f8de37f5efd5bf26697c10f759553490f8f6e30483ecbc24e0068ac/e2" data-source="As another useful shortcut, the &amp;quot;HEAD&amp;quot; of a repository can be referred to just using the name of that repository. So, for example, &amp;quot;origin&amp;quot; is usually a shortcut for the HEAD branch in the repository &amp;quot;origin&amp;quot;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &yacy;&rcy;&lcy;&ycy;&kcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;  &quot;HEAD&quot;  &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yacy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;. &Tcy;&acy;&kcy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;,  &quot;origin&quot;  &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &yacy;&rcy;&lcy;&ycy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; HEAD &vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;  &quot;origin&quot; .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="196f174c38b32571fee5e89fcaba7a12419f18e5b1c593800f1de564a5b646a9/58" data-source="For the complete list of paths which Git checks for references, and the order it uses to decide which to choose when there are multiple references with the same shorthand name, see the &amp;quot;SPECIFYING REVISIONS&amp;quot; section of &lt;a href=&quot;gitrevisions&quot;&gt;gitrevisions[7]&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy;  Git  &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy;&kcy;, &acy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&ocy;&kcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&ncy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&icy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &ncy;&icy;&khcy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy;&kcy; &scy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&kcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;, &scy;&mcy;. &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;  &quot;SPECIFYING REVISIONS&quot;  &scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&icy;  <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions[7]</a> .</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch"><span data-i18n="b937919d6130150e49e4c3bf6037174c8da63194249556d0c30c92532d045599/72" data-source="Updating a repository with git fetch" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy;  git</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="dc8160b2849ed6bbd80e0f29f1f19010912bb2630bbf91dfd3e3b4c46409bc56/63" data-source="After you clone a repository and commit a few changes of your own, you may wish to check the original repository for updates." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;&ycy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &icy; &vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="999f919f8f62549cd7a4829867ece8d64dccbd2a419466de89452c8745e22fc9/b3" data-source="The &lt;code&gt;git-fetch&lt;/code&gt; command, with no arguments, will update all of the remote-tracking branches to the latest version found in the original repository. It will not touch any of your own branches&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;not even the &amp;quot;master&amp;quot; branch that was created for you on clone." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <code>git-fetch</code>  &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &acy;&rcy;&gcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy;, &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&icy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy; &icy;&zcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy;&khcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy; &mdash; &dcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;  &quot;master&quot; , &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &vcy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="fetching-branches"><span data-i18n="a9fed37ef003ea2582473200f89c968c018ef453b25c13bfcde383859434192c/ab" data-source="Fetching branches from other repositories" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy; &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&vcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="c783cc3424c46eda478c02f1e9d96fa1fd9cb6c58fc779034d8b4e3a814248e8/b5" data-source="You can also track branches from repositories other than the one you cloned from, using &lt;a href=&quot;git-remote&quot;&gt;git-remote[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&vcy;, &ocy;&tcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yacy;  <a href="git-remote.html">git-remote[1]</a> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git remote add staging <span class="hljs-symbol">git:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/git.kernel.org/</span>.../gregkh/staging.git
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git fetch staging
...
<span class="hljs-title class_">From</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">git:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/git.kernel.org/pub</span><span class="hljs-regexp">/scm/linux</span><span class="hljs-regexp">/kernel/git</span><span class="hljs-regexp">/gregkh/staging</span>
 * [new branch]      master     -&gt; staging/master
 * [new branch]      staging-linus -&gt; staging/staging-linus
 * [new branch]      staging-<span class="hljs-keyword">next</span> -&gt; staging/staging-<span class="hljs-keyword">next</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="901b13a14b1ad836c22d1292f64b872942519bd466fcdf236b5475d036f702d2/9e" data-source="New remote-tracking branches will be stored under the shorthand name that you gave &lt;code&gt;git remote add&lt;/code&gt;, in this case &lt;code&gt;staging&lt;/code&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy; &scy;&ocy;&kcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;  <code>git remote add</code> , &vcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;  <code>staging</code> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">$ git branch -r
  origin/HEAD -&gt; origin/master
  origin/master
  staging/master
  staging/staging-linus
  staging/staging-next</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="f7f11c6fac2c077af40468ffeb7865c04bfe2fd85d79407ba15fae788e3edf81/d2" data-source="If you run &lt;code&gt;git fetch &amp;lt;remote&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; later, the remote-tracking branches for the named &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;remote&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; will be updated." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>git fetch &lt;remote&gt;</code>  &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&zhcy;&iecy;, &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;  <code>&lt;remote&gt;</code>  &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="e778f5edac813b576b3ba5714695763fd3469bb57cf722f02513dd4c6a9fe0f6/b9" data-source="If you examine the file &lt;code&gt;.git/config&lt;/code&gt;, you will see that Git has added a new stanza:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &icy;&scy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;  <code>.git/config</code> , &vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;  Git  &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&fcy;&ucy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>cat .git/config
...
[remote <span class="hljs-string">&quot;staging&quot;</span>]
        url = <span class="hljs-symbol">git:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/git.kernel.org/pub</span><span class="hljs-regexp">/scm/linux</span><span class="hljs-regexp">/kernel/git</span><span class="hljs-regexp">/gregkh/staging</span>.git
        fetch = +refs/heads/*<span class="hljs-symbol">:refs/remotes/staging/*</span>
...</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="c9664b117fd8e58f8b2aa91b8345d6a35c1a2f9268ad66d10e9f19eda9e06d7a/a9" data-source="This is what causes Git to track the remote&amp;rsquo;s branches; you may modify or delete these configuration options by editing &lt;code&gt;.git/config&lt;/code&gt; with a text editor. (See the &amp;quot;CONFIGURATION FILE&amp;quot; section of &lt;a href=&quot;git-config&quot;&gt;git-config[1]&lt;/a&gt; for details.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;  Git  &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy;; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy; &pcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&rcy;&ycy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&icy;&gcy;&ucy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&vcy;  <code>.git/config</code>  &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;. (&Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;  &quot;CONFIGURATION FILE&quot;  &dcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;  <a href="git-config.html">git-config[1]</a> .)</span></p> </div> </div> <h2 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="exploring-git-history"><span data-i18n="26a5c146bfb5ebf9d5e3a69b6aa0138de4fd84d6641e78a3ca0d8b6692095650/98" data-source="Exploring git history" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&zcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;  git</span></h2> <div> <p><span data-i18n="55d6fe012e7b92c5278229d6210ad4ce78679f970d1c5599c223144b2874103a/00" data-source="Git is best thought of as a tool for storing the history of a collection of files. It does this by storing compressed snapshots of the contents of a file hierarchy, together with &amp;quot;commits&amp;quot; which show the relationships between these snapshots." onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git  &lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&shcy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&scy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&gcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy; &scy;&chcy;&iecy;&tcy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&icy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;  &quot;commits&quot; , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&zcy;&acy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&icy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="72da6a26ca6168550e74ce15c72e6cd5fa48865198fbfc05b0834309ca123048/29" data-source="Git provides extremely flexible and fast tools for exploring the history of a project." onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git  &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &chcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&vcy;&ycy;&chcy;&acy;&jcy;&ncy;&ocy; &gcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &icy; &bcy;&ycy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ycy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a91852b0210e3458e31b3e9975f047b70bf89909212fd012ec710b4a180bc0fb/e9" data-source="We start with one specialized tool that is useful for finding the commit that introduced a bug into a project." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&chcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&iecy;&ncy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&icy;&scy;&kcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;, &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&ucy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;.</span></p> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="using-bisect"><span data-i18n="b0dd33b8a574ca7e5362470dba0283947dc0ef3fd4525fb5a5860f7a57f077f5/28" data-source="How to use bisect to find a regression" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &bcy;&icy;&scy;&scy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&scy;&ucy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&icy;&scy;&kcy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&gcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&icy;&icy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="330c3f6f121054a8c3d4cc0628aa39472e1e8c95001566cfd4c3536a59bfe4b4/b1" data-source="Suppose version 2.6.18 of your project worked, but the version at &amp;quot;master&amp;quot; crashes. Sometimes the best way to find the cause of such a regression is to perform a brute-force search through the project&amp;rsquo;s history to find the particular commit that caused the problem. The &lt;a href=&quot;git-bisect&quot;&gt;git-bisect[1]&lt;/a&gt; command can help you do this:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; 2.6.18 &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy;, &ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;  &quot;master&quot;  &vcy;&ycy;&lcy;&iecy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;. &Icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&shcy;&icy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&gcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&icy;&icy; &mdash; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &gcy;&rcy;&ucy;&bcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&icy;&scy;&kcy; &pcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&vcy;&acy;&vcy;&shcy;&icy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;. &Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-bisect.html">git-bisect[1]</a>  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&chcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-csharp">$ git bisect start
$ git bisect good v2<span class="hljs-number">.6</span><span class="hljs-number">.18</span>
$ git bisect bad master
Bisecting: <span class="hljs-number">3537</span> revisions left to test after <span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>
[<span class="hljs-meta">65934a9a028b88e83e2b0f8b36618fe503349f8e</span>] BLOCK: Make USB storage depend <span class="hljs-keyword">on</span> SCSI rather than selecting it [<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> <span class="hljs-meta">#6]</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="839f553743f7198d3c0a60123b254b353747e0a0f155b5267ab26c0d845fc4dd/0f" data-source="If you run &lt;code&gt;git branch&lt;/code&gt; at this point, you&amp;rsquo;ll see that Git has temporarily moved you in &amp;quot;(no branch)&amp;quot;. HEAD is now detached from any branch and points directly to a commit (with commit id 65934) that is reachable from &amp;quot;master&amp;quot; but not from v2.6.18. Compile and test it, and see whether it crashes. Assume it does crash. Then:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>git branch</code>  &ncy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&iecy;, &vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;  Git  &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&lcy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &vcy;  &quot;(no branch)&quot; . HEAD &tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy; &ocy;&tcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &icy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; (&scy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; 65934), &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&ncy; &icy;&zcy;  &quot;master&quot; , &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; v2.6.18. &Scy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&pcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&ocy;&jcy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &lcy;&icy; &scy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy;. &Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy; &tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&pcy;&icy;&tcy; &kcy;&rcy;&acy;&khcy;. &Zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-yaml"><span class="hljs-string">$</span> <span class="hljs-string">git</span> <span class="hljs-string">bisect</span> <span class="hljs-string">bad</span>
<span class="hljs-attr">Bisecting:</span> <span class="hljs-number">1769 </span><span class="hljs-string">revisions</span> <span class="hljs-string">left</span> <span class="hljs-string">to</span> <span class="hljs-string">test</span> <span class="hljs-string">after</span> <span class="hljs-string">this</span>
[<span class="hljs-string">7eff82c8b1511017ae605f0c99ac275a7e21b867</span>] <span class="hljs-attr">i2c-core:</span> <span class="hljs-string">Drop</span> <span class="hljs-string">useless</span> <span class="hljs-string">bitmaskings</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="f578556a651693d10f546ba114b05974fed604958d2b32971e0005df060b8ea8/fb" data-source="checks out an older version. Continue like this, telling Git at each stage whether the version it gives you is good or bad, and notice that the number of revisions left to test is cut approximately in half each time." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy;. &Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &dcy;&ucy;&khcy;&iecy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy;  Git , &khcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&shcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&lcy;&ocy;&khcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy;, &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&jcy;, &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&shcy;&icy;&khcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy; &scy;&ocy;&kcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="bc277c248326e1ef6aa8902968fd8286bd5a1b39900b7e495f5cb3f265aaf9f4/41" data-source="After about 13 tests (in this case), it will output the commit id of the guilty commit. You can then examine the commit with &lt;a href=&quot;git-show&quot;&gt;git-show[1]&lt;/a&gt;, find out who wrote it, and mail them your bug report with the commit id. Finally, run" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; 13 &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; (&vcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;) &ocy;&ncy; &vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy; &vcy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;. &Zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-show.html">git-show[1]</a> , &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&tcy;&ocy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&lcy;, &icy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&mcy; &ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&iecy; &scy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;. &Ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&tscy;, &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-perl">$ git bisect <span class="hljs-keyword">reset</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="9f0c900aa5003e2068fcc4f6d39bf5bfe2e492d8488a3563bacf913fc127750d/d5" data-source="to return you to the branch you were on before." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &vcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&ncy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="083baa125a95d24f3a056180bc876ec2ea71e3dcb2729ee7d37200a4ee8053d3/8f" data-source="Note that the version which &lt;code&gt;git bisect&lt;/code&gt; checks out for you at each point is just a suggestion, and you&amp;rsquo;re free to try a different version if you think it would be a good idea. For example, occasionally you may land on a commit that broke something unrelated; run" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy;  <code>git bisect</code>  &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&iecy;, &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &lcy;&icy;&shcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;, &icy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &khcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&shcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&yacy;. &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&lcy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy;; &bcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git bisect visualize</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="e9e7d4e35562f7a30c49f66dc4f18d2f7c80cfad89a263b4e34386532e2c94a9/8a" data-source="which will run gitk and label the commit it chose with a marker that says &amp;quot;bisect&amp;quot;. Choose a safe-looking commit nearby, note its commit id, and check it out with:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy; gitk &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &icy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &mcy;&acy;&rcy;&kcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;  &quot;bisect&quot; . &Vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ocy;&pcy;&acy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy; &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua">$ git reset <span class="hljs-comment">--hard fb47ddb2db</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="1980430b1a7da835028ec97c22c05451787522252e1baedce66e317e3a91b543/2d" data-source="then test, run &lt;code&gt;bisect good&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;bisect bad&lt;/code&gt; as appropriate, and continue." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;, &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>bisect good</code>  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  <code>bisect bad</code>  &vcy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &ocy;&tcy; &scy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="2588d0c4b516d91b5b8e596f283ae3857a3f29bdf6b9880e22a93bf1d5d54c49/d5" data-source="Instead of &lt;code&gt;git bisect visualize&lt;/code&gt; and then &lt;code&gt;git reset --hard
fb47ddb2db&lt;/code&gt;, you might just want to tell Git that you want to skip the current commit:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;  <code>git bisect visualize</code>  &icy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>git reset --hard
fb47ddb2db</code>  &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  Git , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git bisect skip</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="330ffc849d9460495af038beb7213ad64c7deb2ae7569af96f7950e0382ebd4f/3b" data-source="In this case, though, Git may not eventually be able to tell the first bad one between some first skipped commits and a later bad commit." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;  Git , &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &icy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&lcy;&ocy;&khcy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ycy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&lcy;&ocy;&khcy;&icy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="9ca507e94bb410eff5669259fde8c5c2e3fcf0150532647cafd1e1f0587709c3/26" data-source="There are also ways to automate the bisecting process if you have a test script that can tell a good from a bad commit. See &lt;a href=&quot;git-bisect&quot;&gt;git-bisect[1]&lt;/a&gt; for more information about this and other &lt;code&gt;git
bisect&lt;/code&gt; features." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&scy;&scy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &khcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&shcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy; &pcy;&lcy;&ocy;&khcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;. &Scy;&mcy;.  <a href="git-bisect.html">git-bisect[1]</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy;  <code>git
bisect</code> .</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="naming-commits"><span data-i18n="da1362456de31c140f5bd94fac7fcafbbade23f97ded13140608f5efe4d73ea6/9a" data-source="Naming commits" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Naming commits</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="05bd140cd25e2df3adfecfc39df10abd19e53bdc36095bdef21f2b4654d1036b/45" data-source="We have seen several ways of naming commits already:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Mcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;:</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="7ff65e93e6c7671a791c9edfb2625e6669b214cae83ed35671bfcd9ce5eeade3/d9" data-source="40-hexdigit object name" onmousemove="i18n(this)">40-&shcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&acy;&dcy;&tscy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="d888aef81e89a0738ceadfe6ee11cfc1e4aaa83df1229e0cc8f06468abbeb764/10" data-source="branch name: refers to the commit at the head of the given branch" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy;&mcy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;: &ocy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy; &vcy;&ocy; &gcy;&lcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="121ee92120dde681fd03253edc4376751a3aa7eaaed5d894be14824558f7dd62/d1" data-source="tag name: refers to the commit pointed to by the given tag (we&amp;rsquo;ve seen branches and tags are special cases of &lt;a href=&quot;#how-git-stores-references&quot;&gt;references&lt;/a&gt;)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy;&mcy;&yacy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;: &ocy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy; (&mcy;&ycy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &icy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&icy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#how-git-stores-references">references</a>  ).</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="8800f15167acd49cd72f45576e80c2f2f1789beae5f9bb572f8d55be36779fb4/92" data-source="HEAD: refers to the head of the current branch" onmousemove="i18n(this)">HEAD: &ocy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy; &gcy;&lcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;.</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> <p><span data-i18n="9712991f40a5833a4662b51c33d1464db7c378dc9e34e5def19dcae6f0e8a54c/2d" data-source="There are many more; see the &amp;quot;SPECIFYING REVISIONS&amp;quot; section of the &lt;a href=&quot;gitrevisions&quot;&gt;gitrevisions[7]&lt;/a&gt; man page for the complete list of ways to name revisions. Some examples:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy;; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&jcy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;  &quot;SPECIFYING REVISIONS&quot;  &ncy;&acy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&iecy; &rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy;  <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions[7]</a> . &Ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ycy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git show fb47ddb2 <span class="hljs-comment" title="# the first few characters of the object name"># &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;</span>
                    <span class="hljs-comment" title="# are usually enough to specify it uniquely"># &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git show <span class="hljs-variable constant_">HEAD</span>^    <span class="hljs-comment" title="# the parent of the HEAD commit"># &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy; HEAD</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git show <span class="hljs-variable constant_">HEAD</span>^^   <span class="hljs-comment" title="# the grandparent"># &bcy;&acy;&bcy;&ucy;&shcy;&kcy;&acy; &icy; &dcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&shcy;&kcy;&acy;</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git show <span class="hljs-variable constant_">HEAD</span>~<span class="hljs-number">4</span>   <span class="hljs-comment" title="# the great-great-grandparent">#&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&dcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&shcy;&kcy;&acy;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="f8b43a612d7ea01f3d9be507d22fb0274f164189f8607cccea73f3f55a484a64/9f" data-source="Recall that merge commits may have more than one parent; by default, &lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;~&lt;/code&gt; follow the first parent listed in the commit, but you can also choose:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;; &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy;  <code>^</code>  &icy;  <code>~</code>  &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ycy;&mcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git show <span class="hljs-variable constant_">HEAD</span>^<span class="hljs-number">1</span>   <span class="hljs-comment" title="# show the first parent of HEAD"># &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy; HEAD</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git show <span class="hljs-variable constant_">HEAD</span>^<span class="hljs-number">2</span>   <span class="hljs-comment" title="# show the second parent of HEAD"># &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy; HEAD</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="50a049e35d489e8ab9c190f2c4352ed42e118de769ca30e4d9f0bbd03de388a8/71" data-source="In addition to HEAD, there are several other special names for commits:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy; HEAD, &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;:</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="f2e16cd198405be44436d428689eeac10e2c7721dadfcfe3bd6ef631f938cc4b/df" data-source="Merges (to be discussed later), as well as operations such as &lt;code&gt;git reset&lt;/code&gt;, which change the currently checked-out commit, generally set ORIG_HEAD to the value HEAD had before the current operation." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; (&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&scy;&ucy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&zhcy;&iecy;), &acy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  <code>git reset</code>  , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; ORIG_HEAD &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; HEAD &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&lcy; &dcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="b31ed9c3d10f43356ee9bacfc208a8ba95c5346fa6b16cb2dffaaa5d69767376/ae" data-source="The &lt;code&gt;git fetch&lt;/code&gt; operation always stores the head of the last fetched branch in FETCH_HEAD. For example, if you run &lt;code&gt;git fetch&lt;/code&gt; without specifying a local branch as the target of the operation" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;  <code>git fetch</code>  &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&kcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy; FETCH_HEAD. &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>git fetch</code>  &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &tscy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;.</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git fetch <span class="hljs-symbol">git:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/example.com/proj</span>.git theirbranch</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="8d5d542e4addd5b03475040c25535eee84da724dde17b02738ceb8d0f91a50d2/4c" data-source="the fetched commits will still be available from FETCH_HEAD." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;-&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy; FETCH_HEAD.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="242d8cce12c700fccde1194024b59992bd57ce0f37a95cbb71698a8923e1e455/eb" data-source="When we discuss merges we&amp;rsquo;ll also see the special name MERGE_HEAD, which refers to the other branch that we&amp;rsquo;re merging in to the current branch." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &mcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&scy;&ucy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &mcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; MERGE_HEAD, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &mcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="13b64f9c06238631c988d76f7dbc35b202bd460738023001e361fe9af00f95c8/f9" data-source="The &lt;a href=&quot;git-rev-parse&quot;&gt;git-rev-parse[1]&lt;/a&gt; command is a low-level command that is occasionally useful for translating some name for a commit to the object name for that commit:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse[1]</a>  &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy; &ncy;&icy;&zcy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &vcy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git rev-parse origin
e05db0fd4f31dde7005f075a84f96b360d05984b</pre> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="creating-tags"><span data-i18n="7d4aea6c97963741b7e36f0e763bcdb37d4cd79b41c5ac04f32dfe8bc9a4f7d9/cb" data-source="Creating tags" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Creating tags</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="5908111590aa4500386cddda4dad7749c8c3e760bf30b8afd4e4d05a605972d5/41" data-source="We can also create a tag to refer to a particular commit; after running" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Mcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &bcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git tag stable-<span class="hljs-number">1</span> 1b2e1d63ff</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="e61b4e17bc7f9e5d22428db6c8c1949d93558865e7dfeb570292b67b064df7c9/e2" data-source="You can use &lt;code&gt;stable-1&lt;/code&gt; to refer to the commit 1b2e1d63ff." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>stable-1</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; 1b2e1d63ff.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="152b1009d45843adffe43fbc594694c326452289a94efee42e2f0ae0af86de29/0a" data-source="This creates a &amp;quot;lightweight&amp;quot; tag. If you would also like to include a comment with the tag, and possibly sign it cryptographically, then you should create a tag object instead; see the &lt;a href=&quot;git-tag&quot;&gt;git-tag[1]&lt;/a&gt; man page for details." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;  &quot;lightweight&quot; . &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &vcy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy; &icy;, &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&rcy;&icy;&pcy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;, &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&mcy;. &ncy;&acy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&iecy; &rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy;  <a href="git-tag.html">git-tag[1]</a> .</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="browsing-revisions"><span data-i18n="9035e2f95b4ebecd15eca1e9ca7be5b14304057f4468e00d58bd36b1312ff788/af" data-source="Browsing revisions" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Browsing revisions</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="64e108b68de8be136f6184333ebc8339061dfa9c6a1b8492b3bdd5edb376de26/90" data-source="The &lt;a href=&quot;git-log&quot;&gt;git-log[1]&lt;/a&gt; command can show lists of commits. On its own, it shows all commits reachable from the parent commit; but you can also make more specific requests:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-log.html">git-log[1]</a>  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Scy;&acy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy; &scy;&iecy;&bcy;&iecy; &ocy;&ncy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;, &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;; &ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&ycy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> v2.5..        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# commits since (not reachable from) v2.5"># &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; 2.5 (&ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&ncy;)</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> test..master        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# commits reachable from master but not test"># &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy; &mcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> master..test        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# ...reachable from test but not master"># ...&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&ncy; &icy;&zcy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &mcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> master...test        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# ...reachable from either test or master,"># ...&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&ncy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy;&zcy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &icy;&zcy; &mcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;,</span></span>
                        #    but not both
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> --since=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;2 weeks ago&quot;</span> <span class="hljs-comment" title="# commits from the last 2 weeks"># &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &zcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; 2 &ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> Makefile      <span class="hljs-comment" title="# commits which modify Makefile"># &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; Makefile</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> fs/                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# ... which modify any file under fs/"># ... &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &vcy; fs/</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> -S<span class="hljs-string">&apos;foo()&apos;</span>        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# commits which add or remove any file data"># &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ycy;&iecy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;</span></span>
                        # matching the string &apos;foo()&apos;</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="17a167d65d863012817feb03d50da5d26bf6961b1bb89746cab7ba2f2843d1ac/ee" data-source="And of course you can combine all of these; the following finds commits since v2.5 which touch the &lt;code&gt;Makefile&lt;/code&gt; or any file under &lt;code&gt;fs&lt;/code&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &zhcy;&iecy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &scy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; 2.5, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&scy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <code>Makefile</code>  &icy;&lcy;&icy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;  <code>fs</code> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> v2.5.. Makefile fs/</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="301ec5b6cbf4e67b5688387f26e42d595ffdc4321395556a7f2e1ab329f562f8/ea" data-source="You can also ask git log to show patches:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &zhcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;  git  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> -p</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="cfc8ee7e51cd2949fda509d6fdff4c1e4a42b5f81a51ebd86434bb4d859e8898/97" data-source="See the &lt;code&gt;--pretty&lt;/code&gt; option in the &lt;a href=&quot;git-log&quot;&gt;git-log[1]&lt;/a&gt; man page for more display options." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&rcy;&ycy; &dcy;&icy;&scy;&pcy;&lcy;&iecy;&yacy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;  <code>--pretty</code>  &ncy;&acy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&iecy; &rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy;  <a href="git-log.html">git-log[1]</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="bc06eafaaa22972feb6e3143400054f5a962109068e8eec65cf5f5ea8cd3331a/00" data-source="Note that git log starts with the most recent commit and works backwards through the parents; however, since Git history can contain multiple independent lines of development, the particular order that commits are listed in may be somewhat arbitrary." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &zhcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;  git  &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy; &icy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&kcy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &ecy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;  Git  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;&mcy;&ycy;&khcy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&ocy;&kcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="generating-diffs"><span data-i18n="ceb5a1525c06314646f197bc3cb8012e9a97ff0937b73421cca042dc5e8ef035/ed" data-source="Generating diffs" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Generating diffs</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="622ea4fba7351a9296fb4e8a6822c0ecc590b0c995eb817605fd304e45e1dded/96" data-source="You can generate diffs between any two versions using &lt;a href=&quot;git-diff&quot;&gt;git-diff[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &gcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&yacy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&mcy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yacy;  <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff[1]</a> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git diff master..test</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="9e9148f7f6ee1d5b4c637fc1905b762dd50818fc89cb0a6c62fa0302a0b5858c/02" data-source="That will produce the diff between the tips of the two branches. If you&amp;rsquo;d prefer to find the diff from their common ancestor to test, you can use three dots instead of two:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&ucy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy;. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&ucy; &ocy;&tcy; &icy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&kcy;&acy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&rcy;&icy; &tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&khcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git diff master...test</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="d39b3497aa077cc7b5ee2b5ecda05f4241953466097e888c7d4e53699f8d09e0/52" data-source="Sometimes what you want instead is a set of patches; for this you can use &lt;a href=&quot;git-format-patch&quot;&gt;git-format-patch[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy; &ncy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy;; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch[1]</a> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua">$ git <span class="hljs-built_in">format</span>-patch master..test</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="a20f42955515214c274c82ca7ca97417caf5a04bbb2fa7a318fbb29e11563cc8/e7" data-source="will generate a file with a patch for each commit reachable from test but not from master." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&scy;&gcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &scy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;, &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &mcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="viewing-old-file-versions"><span data-i18n="f28a1a199129df3112bf0b83ba0d46b53adc5c7ac2ed05c5f902be8ca74f0f02/eb" data-source="Viewing old file versions" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="553cb1516f6e5abd13997ecde6cd16eabf494c4b5e70f2f9ba6a867966903ab5/d6" data-source="You can always view an old version of a file by just checking out the correct revision first. But sometimes it is more convenient to be able to view an old version of a single file without checking anything out; this command does that:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy;. &Ncy;&ocy; &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ucy;&dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;, &ncy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&yacy;; &ecy;&tcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git show v2.<span class="hljs-number">5</span><span class="hljs-symbol">:fs/locks</span>.c</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="2fc31f5ba844038cca5aa700105ce978b7b47a3ebccbe85a472a80a046b5a4f1/6f" data-source="Before the colon may be anything that names a commit, and after it may be any path to a file tracked by Git." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;, &acy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ucy;, &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; Git.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="history-examples"><span data-i18n="e68ee04dff59551b7d1ae07a2f8a00dc61d841628948da3d2781630706a05e92/38" data-source="Examples" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Examples</span></h3> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="counting-commits-on-a-branch"><span data-i18n="701257706ed3852a963444b32412daa36860ac8c697ed12ae6ba4078abdd948b/3a" data-source="Counting the number of commits on a branch" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&chcy;&iecy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="011ccff0a85c55a227b9b7a63cee4d454c5286dec7155c535f7e4f47a65c6526/4f" data-source="Suppose you want to know how many commits you&amp;rsquo;ve made on &lt;code&gt;mybranch&lt;/code&gt; since it diverged from &lt;code&gt;origin&lt;/code&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;  <code>mybranch</code>  &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&ncy; &ocy;&tcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy;  <code>origin</code> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> --pretty=oneline origin..mybranch | <span class="hljs-built_in">wc</span> -l</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="fffd88a23da7a868887ddd65819514544595c1940d65bb9ddd6303ef7d5a36ae/85" data-source="Alternatively, you may often see this sort of thing done with the lower-level command &lt;a href=&quot;git-rev-list&quot;&gt;git-rev-list[1]&lt;/a&gt;, which just lists the SHA-1&amp;rsquo;s of all the given commits:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Acy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &vcy;&ycy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&icy;, &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy; &ncy;&icy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&yacy;  <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list[1]</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; SHA-1 &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&khcy; &zcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git rev-list origin..mybranch | <span class="hljs-built_in">wc</span> -l</span></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="checking-for-equal-branches"><span data-i18n="2810cc92e0ad30b9d39919abf2e4f86eb0d13bd861159366b6fa6318a0b7d709/c0" data-source="Check whether two branches point at the same history" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy;, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &lcy;&icy; &dcy;&vcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy; &icy; &tcy;&ucy; &zhcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;.</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="9c1c6975f0ba3df35154ad2980000afee34ca3b7a618dba2794e60f15b0b447e/c0" data-source="Suppose you want to check whether two branches point at the same point in history." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &lcy;&icy; &dcy;&vcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy; &icy; &tcy;&ucy; &zhcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;.</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git diff origin..master</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="f437169063b5bd7c339a2b0e6b009c5e357e331fa778cdd6862b083921fc55cc/a8" data-source="will tell you whether the contents of the project are the same at the two branches; in theory, however, it&amp;rsquo;s possible that the same project contents could have been arrived at by two different historical routes. You could compare the object names:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy;, &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy; &lcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &vcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;&khcy;; &tcy;&iecy;&ocy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;, &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;, &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy; &tcy;&ocy; &zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&gcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&mcy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;. &Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git rev-list origin
e05db0fd4f31dde7005f075a84f96b360d05984b
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git rev-list master
e05db0fd4f31dde7005f075a84f96b360d05984b</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="ec22ad7735cfa2866f1b17b703cef7ee30e82f1a76b8376cb9f3ae1a5bdc52a8/43" data-source="Or you could recall that the &lt;code&gt;...&lt;/code&gt; operator selects all commits reachable from either one reference or the other but not both; so" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;  <code>...</code>  &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&icy;&rcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;, &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&iecy;, &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&icy;&mcy;; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> origin...master</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="314c988d31db7b99ce30661b072104a9de19931e1e9329b9ae2b716519fcd358/e2" data-source="will return no commits when the two branches are equal." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&ncy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&vcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&ycy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="finding-tagged-descendants"><span data-i18n="1757b501c83643b2bd8c7d09e2a7bb1795586018fe2c36a6b261357f44d31348/c8" data-source="Find first tagged version including a given fix" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy;, &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="32fdf03da070fcd9e66df9dd922b62f1c26253cffef5fc614dae55b00fec9172/74" data-source="Suppose you know that the commit e05db0fd fixed a certain problem. You&amp;rsquo;d like to find the earliest tagged release that contains that fix." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; e05db0fd &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;. &Vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &ocy;&tcy;&mcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;, &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="2930ae8d7b76e66e4a4d49f93973821fc4cee4a537ad15137faf629bae9e88c7/59" data-source="Of course, there may be more than one answer&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;if the history branched after commit e05db0fd, then there could be multiple &amp;quot;earliest&amp;quot; tagged releases." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy;: &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&acy;&scy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; e05db0fd, &tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy;  &quot;earliest&quot; .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="5513d3ba3a9292f699b5084d9f4c72fe6aa2c205b539eb15f1339877863dbf17/25" data-source="You could just visually inspect the commits since e05db0fd:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&icy;&zcy;&ucy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;, &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &scy; e05db0fd:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>gitk e05db0fd..</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="dc3231d9d19bbb64490e1c1183835ec832ac24c6fbbff8c39bdf17a0e3d772a4/6c" data-source="or you can use &lt;a href=&quot;git-name-rev&quot;&gt;git-name-rev[1]&lt;/a&gt;, which will give the commit a name based on any tag it finds pointing to one of the commit&amp;rsquo;s descendants:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="git-name-rev.html">git-name-rev[1]</a>  , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &dcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">$ git name-rev --tags e05db0fd
e05db0fd tags/v1.5.0-rc1^0~23</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="1284d2a7b1d5befedfd40c67f48c04ef611f67f188bb4a99e0f86b29bdc7c845/54" data-source="The &lt;a href=&quot;git-describe&quot;&gt;git-describe[1]&lt;/a&gt; command does the opposite, naming the revision using a tag on which the given commit is based:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-describe.html">git-describe[1]</a>  &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy;, &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&yucy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git describe e05db0fd
v1.<span class="hljs-number">5.0</span>-rc0-<span class="hljs-number">260</span>-ge05db0f</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="cdb91a9f98e6dd0a9d6c6422bbbb366722dfa11cb4484fb8d45e53a6b427a631/75" data-source="but that may sometimes help you guess which tags might come after the given commit." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&chcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ucy;&gcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&yacy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="0366a76aa8811574b94d45a9b3f92abcb1376f98e4bede316c077079f653c905/fd" data-source="If you just want to verify whether a given tagged version contains a given commit, you could use &lt;a href=&quot;git-merge-base&quot;&gt;git-merge-base[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &lcy;&icy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="git-merge-base.html">git-merge-base[1]</a>  :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-csharp">$ git merge-<span class="hljs-keyword">base</span> e05db0fd v1<span class="hljs-number">.5</span><span class="hljs-number">.0</span>-rc1
e05db0fd4f31dde7005f075a84f96b360d05984b</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="ff524c56c0dede09ee057a4c1968650ca7667c2ee3058326203d9be88612af95/12" data-source="The merge-base command finds a common ancestor of the given commits, and always returns one or the other in the case where one is a descendant of the other; so the above output shows that e05db0fd actually is an ancestor of v1.5.0-rc1." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy; merge-base &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&kcy;&acy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;; &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; e05db0fd &ncy;&acy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; v1.5.0-rc1.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="af077eefeef66be8b2b0a3bc59d3052991bee15c868e8a324acc92fc5203ba30/b4" data-source="Alternatively, note that" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Acy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> v1.5.0-rc1..e05db0fd</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="61dbd0f091b8607d906a5e64c0642c53c9c628a4451319720784c5af9083e534/eb" data-source="will produce empty output if and only if v1.5.0-rc1 includes e05db0fd, because it outputs only commits that are not reachable from v1.5.0-rc1." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&ycy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &icy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; v1.5.0-rc1 &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; e05db0fd, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &ocy;&ncy; &vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;, &ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; v1.5.0-rc1.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="4147f2b44cae86db20f5e9fbafb5f1f3e3fd82199bad5acf313de278f6cdc9b1/56" data-source="As yet another alternative, the &lt;a href=&quot;git-show-branch&quot;&gt;git-show-branch[1]&lt;/a&gt; command lists the commits reachable from its arguments with a display on the left-hand side that indicates which arguments that commit is reachable from. So, if you run something like" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &acy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ycy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-show-branch.html">git-show-branch[1]</a>  &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &iecy;&iecy; &acy;&rcy;&gcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &scy; &ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy; &lcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy;, &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &acy;&rcy;&gcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&acy;. &Icy;&tcy;&acy;&kcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-scss">$ git show-branch e05db0fd v1<span class="hljs-selector-class">.5</span><span class="hljs-selector-class">.0-rc0</span> v1<span class="hljs-selector-class">.5</span><span class="hljs-selector-class">.0-rc1</span> v1<span class="hljs-selector-class">.5</span><span class="hljs-selector-class">.0-rc2</span>
! <span class="hljs-selector-attr">[e05db0fd]</span> Fix warnings in sha1_file<span class="hljs-selector-class">.c</span> - use C99 printf format if
available
 ! <span class="hljs-selector-attr">[v1.5.0-rc0]</span> GIT v1<span class="hljs-selector-class">.5</span><span class="hljs-selector-class">.0</span> preview
  ! <span class="hljs-selector-attr">[v1.5.0-rc1]</span> GIT v1<span class="hljs-selector-class">.5</span><span class="hljs-selector-class">.0-rc1</span>
   ! <span class="hljs-selector-attr">[v1.5.0-rc2]</span> GIT v1<span class="hljs-selector-class">.5</span><span class="hljs-selector-class">.0-rc2</span>
...</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7ac81d6c33c63dc410a6045fd2a315baad83b136c6b07c236302da803f5e9c91/4c" data-source="then a line like" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy;&acy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-perl">+ ++ [e05db0fd] Fix warnings in sha1_file.c - <span class="hljs-keyword">use</span> C99 <span class="hljs-keyword">printf</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">format</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>
available</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="4acd77d312dd9a263bd13aacd968f8b6837ed1309d6e72c684d03dd39fd47f8c/69" data-source="shows that e05db0fd is reachable from itself, from v1.5.0-rc1, and from v1.5.0-rc2, and not from v1.5.0-rc0." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; e05db0fd &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&ncy; &icy;&zcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&iecy;&bcy;&yacy;, &icy;&zcy; v1.5.0-rc1 &icy; &icy;&zcy; v1.5.0-rc2, &acy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; v1.5.0-rc0.</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="showing-commits-unique-to-a-branch"><span data-i18n="cdc1ca7ae49b441af810f94aaab0a9fd71d6fa78a4ad7326f237f56287397648/c6" data-source="Showing commits unique to a given branch" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &ucy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="b1d15341500b4728f82df494d052ebaa5d48676182f2cbe6165faeaba9fb239e/6e" data-source="Suppose you would like to see all the commits reachable from the branch head named &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt; but not from any other head in your repository." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;, &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>master</code> , &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy; &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="2088a39c5e380a9a48aab0518fdc4dae4670630be2e6ee527a396fcdbffbe78e/31" data-source="We can list all the heads in this repository with &lt;a href=&quot;git-show-ref&quot;&gt;git-show-ref[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Mcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-show-ref.html">git-show-ref[1]</a> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">$ git show-ref --heads
bf62196b5e363d73353a9dcf094c59595f3153b7 refs/heads/core-tutorial
db768d5504c1bb46f63ee9d6e1772bd047e05bf9 refs/heads/maint
a07157ac624b2524a059a3414e99f6f44bebc1e7 refs/heads/master
24dbc180ea14dc1aebe09f14c8ecf32010690627 refs/heads/tutorial-2
1e87486ae06626c2f31eaa63d26fc0fd646c8af2 refs/heads/tutorial-fixes</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="ece5c24246fd8844c46eb76f9bd0ac253b667e1e9ebfe5f7cb6bd50f490fa428/b4" data-source="We can get just the branch-head names, and remove &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt;, with the help of the standard utilities cut and grep:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Mcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy; &icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>master</code>  &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;&rcy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ucy;&tcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy; Cut &icy; Grep:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">$ git show-ref --heads | <span class="hljs-built_in">cut</span> -d<span class="hljs-string">&apos; &apos;</span> -f2 | grep -v <span class="hljs-string">&apos;^refs/heads/master&apos;</span>
refs/heads/core-tutorial
refs/heads/maint
refs/heads/tutorial-2
refs/heads/tutorial-fixes</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="95c2e401f3ca7079e5199ccee362ffc83b130794b4ec13bc1dcf94fee8df442f/62" data-source="And then we can ask to see all the commits reachable from master but not from these other heads:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &mcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&mcy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&tcy; &mcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&khcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-perl">$ gitk master --<span class="hljs-keyword">not</span> $( git show-<span class="hljs-keyword">ref</span> --heads | cut -d<span class="hljs-string">&apos; &apos;</span> -f2 |
                                <span class="hljs-keyword">grep</span> -v <span class="hljs-string">&apos;^refs/heads/master&apos;</span> )</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="14663ae17f8fca8a7f851c4acc676e92685c75bbb47bf54ebc71d68fff3d3764/79" data-source="Obviously, endless variations are possible; for example, to see all commits reachable from some head but not from any tag in the repository:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy; &bcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;, &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;-&tcy;&ocy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy; &vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>gitk <span class="hljs-variable">$(</span> git show-ref --heads ) --<span class="hljs-keyword">not</span>  <span class="hljs-variable">$(</span> git show-ref --tags )</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="08cde74da54c375292a01e443db2252338757cad2ecf58a529435066aeba4afa/ac" data-source="(See &lt;a href=&quot;gitrevisions&quot;&gt;gitrevisions[7]&lt;/a&gt; for explanations of commit-selecting syntax such as &lt;code&gt;--not&lt;/code&gt;.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">(&Scy;&mcy;.  <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions[7]</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&icy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&scy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;  <code>--not</code>  .)</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="making-a-release"><span data-i18n="67ebace745b2d69edbdc160f3682c1df015fbcfb6cc85ef5dee8b734b5af1b38/a8" data-source="Creating a changelog and tarball for a software release" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &zhcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &icy; &acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="65c98b5d65d59c9f4f787a6ac5ece1c15674ffd1250dc28288bb02fdee5882ee/16" data-source="The &lt;a href=&quot;git-archive&quot;&gt;git-archive[1]&lt;/a&gt; command can create a tar or zip archive from any version of a project; for example:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-archive.html">git-archive[1]</a>  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&vcy; tar &icy;&lcy;&icy; zip &icy;&zcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua">$ git archive -o latest.tar.gz <span class="hljs-comment">--prefix=project/ HEAD</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="697dc277776d8164e05bd85de1c2539503c71fc5ebb09ab74c87c67c60ae3015/ed" data-source="will use HEAD to produce a gzipped tar archive in which each filename is preceded by &lt;code&gt;project/&lt;/code&gt;. The output file format is inferred from the output file extension if possible, see &lt;a href=&quot;git-archive&quot;&gt;git-archive[1]&lt;/a&gt; for details." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; HEAD &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; gzip-&acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;, &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&shcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;  <code>project/</code> . &Fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy; &vcy;&ycy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&shcy;&icy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &vcy;&ycy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;, &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy;  <a href="git-archive.html">git-archive[1]</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="f8ce1e65b60af35bfcebfaf7aca09af0c12d734941888ac09b80d74be3a89d21/47" data-source="Versions of Git older than 1.7.7 don&amp;rsquo;t know about the &lt;code&gt;tar.gz&lt;/code&gt; format, you&amp;rsquo;ll need to use gzip explicitly:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy;  Git  &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&shcy;&iecy; 1.7.7 &ncy;&iecy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &ocy; &fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>tar.gz</code> , &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &yacy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; gzip:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua">$ git archive <span class="hljs-comment">--format=tar --prefix=project/ HEAD | gzip &gt;latest.tar.gz</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="5c811e914bfd0f24bd0aa304adc08f4e0e7148d1f687ce79ad4a555a9137fe09/a2" data-source="If you&amp;rsquo;re releasing a new version of a software project, you may want to simultaneously make a changelog to include in the release announcement." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &zhcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &icy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="e66ed370af4abcc5182d70298d98b108276d9ec2fc655742b4e7ab9438e59e6a/82" data-source="Linus Torvalds, for example, makes new kernel releases by tagging them, then running:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Lcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&scy; &Tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&dcy;&scy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &yacy;&dcy;&rcy;&acy;, &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&chcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&khcy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &icy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>release-script <span class="hljs-number">2.6</span>.<span class="hljs-number">12</span> <span class="hljs-number">2.6</span>.<span class="hljs-number">13</span>-rc6 <span class="hljs-number">2.6</span>.<span class="hljs-number">13</span>-rc7</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="b798e51d68759d205cac68f445d742870fbf25f31a14e14e70976a4f1dd8865d/25" data-source="where release-script is a shell script that looks like:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&gcy;&dcy;&iecy; Release-script &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash"><span class="hljs-meta">#!/bin/sh</span>
stable=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;<span class="hljs-variable">$1</span>&quot;</span>
last=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;<span class="hljs-variable">$2</span>&quot;</span>
new=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;<span class="hljs-variable">$3</span>&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;# git tag v<span class="hljs-variable">$new</span>&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;git archive --prefix=linux-<span class="hljs-variable">$new</span>/ v<span class="hljs-variable">$new</span> | gzip -9 &gt; ../linux-<span class="hljs-variable">$new</span>.tar.gz&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;git diff v<span class="hljs-variable">$stable</span> v<span class="hljs-variable">$new</span> | gzip -9 &gt; ../patch-<span class="hljs-variable">$new</span>.gz&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;git log --no-merges v<span class="hljs-variable">$new</span> ^v<span class="hljs-variable">$last</span> &gt; ../ChangeLog-<span class="hljs-variable">$new</span>&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;git shortlog --no-merges v<span class="hljs-variable">$new</span> ^v<span class="hljs-variable">$last</span> &gt; ../ShortLog&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;git diff --stat --summary -M v<span class="hljs-variable">$last</span> v<span class="hljs-variable">$new</span> &gt; ../diffstat-<span class="hljs-variable">$new</span>&quot;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="3104eafa14d95d6381e843fd34a82a1210e3bbeb7bcbf14c136f79c6d64c7f81/bb" data-source="and then he just cut-and-pastes the output commands after verifying that they look OK." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&ncy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy; &vcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&ycy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&dcy;&yacy;&tcy; &ncy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="Finding-commits-With-given-Content"><span data-i18n="0a3911e7b12022247d74ccf6a6e293b359e505ffdc1b86d14e057eec29f0853d/3b" data-source="Finding commits referencing a file with given content" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&icy;&scy;&kcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &scy; &zcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ycy;&mcy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="f3968f7a64c16d47a01b5755b64f7d9f8b4ace82e97aa24a39ff4c47763a062b/fb" data-source="Somebody hands you a copy of a file, and asks which commits modified a file such that it contained the given content either before or after the commit. You can find out with this:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&tcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&yucy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy; &icy; &scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&lcy; &zcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;. &Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-perl">$  git <span class="hljs-keyword">log</span> --raw --abbrev=<span class="hljs-number">40</span> --pretty=oneline |
        <span class="hljs-keyword">grep</span> -B <span class="hljs-number">1</span> <span class="hljs-string">`git hash-object filename`</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="993bb19e297d8eae31dd71fde77a55fe127b64e1bfb6421c20cbb59caf756702/86" data-source="Figuring out why this works is left as an exercise to the (advanced) student. The &lt;a href=&quot;git-log&quot;&gt;git-log[1]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;git-diff-tree&quot;&gt;git-diff-tree[1]&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;git-hash-object&quot;&gt;git-hash-object[1]&lt;/a&gt; man pages may prove helpful." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; (&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&vcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;) &ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;. &Scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&ycy;  <a href="git-log.html">git-log[1]</a> ,  <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree[1]</a>  &icy;  <a href="git-hash-object.html">git-hash-object[1]</a>  &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy;.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="Developing-With-git"><span data-i18n="757246116405f107c77c943b8d2bc27a2fb567ca97242404f384ab6f322ff292/b1" data-source="Developing with git" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  git</span></h2> <div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="telling-git-your-name"><span data-i18n="ff46444d111d3a0809b59ab8a088a65018337129a382d8e980af530302a3a162/2d" data-source="Telling Git your name" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;  Git  &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="f9133f889a1cd64130c0a4124fe7bfdea5fdf993a06145d05e677caec7c0b97e/73" data-source="Before creating any commits, you should introduce yourself to Git. The easiest way to do so is to use &lt;a href=&quot;git-config&quot;&gt;git-config[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;, &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; Git. &Scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mdash; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="git-config.html">git-config[1]</a> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-csharp">$ git config --<span class="hljs-keyword">global</span> user.name <span class="hljs-string">&apos;Your Name Comes Here&apos;</span>
$ git config --<span class="hljs-keyword">global</span> user.email <span class="hljs-string">&apos;<a href="https://runebook.dev/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="f68f9983b68f99838492999b979f98d8938e979b869a93d895999b">[email&#160;protected]</a>&apos;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="62cf7f0ee0bc95b3b4d18223fd9720d73a908fd2380b5d99bc55ce6763b0b587/b2" data-source="Which will add the following to a file named &lt;code&gt;.gitconfig&lt;/code&gt; in your home directory:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &vcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>.gitconfig</code>  &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&mcy; &dcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&shcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ini"><span class="hljs-section">[user]</span>
        <span class="hljs-attr">name</span> = Your Name Comes Here
        <span class="hljs-attr">email</span> = <a href="https://runebook.dev/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="f68f9983b68f99838492999b979f98d8938e979b869a93d895999b">[email&#160;protected]</a></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="27fd6febf6f64a0818b2684d6d7d231782ed5e1404f66570ca53de73c6d53d52/8e" data-source="See the &amp;quot;CONFIGURATION FILE&amp;quot; section of &lt;a href=&quot;git-config&quot;&gt;git-config[1]&lt;/a&gt; for details on the configuration file. The file is plain text, so you can also edit it with your favorite editor." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&icy;&gcy;&ucy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;  &quot;CONFIGURATION FILE&quot;   <a href="git-config.html">git-config[1]</a> . &Fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&tcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&mcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&iecy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="creating-a-new-repository"><span data-i18n="eee030285bae8bbd69f3d3a43f255322ed95435d48bfe93401d17d69543f64ee/6b" data-source="Creating a new repository" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="6a13cdd15e2b5fb386b35088dc619617ce6209d52978d9583d199cb4995e80f7/37" data-source="Creating a new repository from scratch is very easy:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &scy; &ncy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">mkdir</span> project</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> project</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git init</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="ba8db18f8df3e0d6d24d8f3e954826894386780e096f29cc01a1193dfc49afd2/5c" data-source="If you have some initial content (say, a tarball):" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; (&scy;&kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&mcy;, &acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&vcy;):</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">tar xzvf project.tar.gz</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> project</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git init</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git add . <span class="hljs-comment" title="# include everything below ./ in the first commit:"># &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&icy;&zhcy;&iecy; ./, &vcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;:</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git commit</span></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="how-to-make-a-commit"><span data-i18n="81838dc0b5d1241778f7225df6d34431709f02039dd6e9fbe45f0dd318aaee25/80" data-source="How to make a commit" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="454f2b9fea96b1ba28e0299e4aa92e0830f5c49c6f959739d5f42454e599ba19/78" data-source="Creating a new commit takes three steps:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy; &zcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &tcy;&rcy;&icy; &shcy;&acy;&gcy;&acy;:</span></p> <div> <ol> <li> <p><span data-i18n="34ddecafa0331e02a4437039dfc825f8f11448ca026b95a555a64735d19912d9/3a" data-source="Making some changes to the working directory using your favorite editor." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="5ac7bb1bb331ae312dfd8a3d248d009635ff2a0be654426f234e6d6e739b135a/ca" data-source="Telling Git about your changes." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;  Git  &ocy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy;&khcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="9d13bb616f87aa42e4957e77aacf21f4fa8bc24016434e9b55852e41b8c6829c/d0" data-source="Creating the commit using the content you told Git about in step 2." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy; &scy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;  Git  &ncy;&acy; &shcy;&acy;&gcy;&iecy; 2.</span></p> </li> </ol> </div> <p><span data-i18n="f3d178a03487711f55931ce0ba4417517bf3e5caf43f52b4ddfa0d58101c6576/8e" data-source="In practice, you can interleave and repeat steps 1 and 2 as many times as you want: in order to keep track of what you want committed at step 3, Git maintains a snapshot of the tree&amp;rsquo;s contents in a special staging area called &amp;quot;the index.&amp;quot;" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&kcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &shcy;&acy;&gcy;&icy; 1 &icy; 2 &scy;&tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;, &scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;: &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &shcy;&acy;&gcy;&iecy; 3,  Git  &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&kcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &vcy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ucy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;  &quot;the index.&quot; .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="5007117f96652ddd6c9a3e9679100d8c5ae48d7652972a74dd1d86436f47e0a9/b0" data-source="At the beginning, the content of the index will be identical to that of the HEAD. The command &lt;code&gt;git diff --cached&lt;/code&gt;, which shows the difference between the HEAD and the index, should therefore produce no output at that point." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&acy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; HEAD. &Pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <code>git diff --cached</code> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&ucy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; HEAD &icy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ocy;&mcy;, &ncy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&ncy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a7637601350111ff7c8259b970ae7546a0e7ccbd4245570841e6bb75501c55de/f2" data-source="Modifying the index is easy:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &lcy;&iecy;&gcy;&kcy;&ocy;:</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="92b4ceefc310943e0c351be8c6429fad3d2d16938bb9e454ab993e52cd1baa8b/c9" data-source="To update the index with the contents of a new or modified file, use" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ycy;&mcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git add path/to/file</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="e58ad3e0ba05dec91d09d7c0b2720d87d861019114d56f8555139e418aff8d39/30" data-source="To remove a file from the index and from the working tree, use" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &icy;&zcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&acy; &icy; &icy;&zcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">rm</span> path/to/file</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="0c4dd0fff1978ed5765c582b6d0d0a4b90a643d69c38a57af68cede3a585ad7f/7d" data-source="After each step you can verify that" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &shcy;&acy;&gcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ucy;&bcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua">$ git diff <span class="hljs-comment">--cached</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="6b35fb90a4ba85fcd48bd3fd5b1be7d5ba644fc467df71f0cce56ea76bf55403/59" data-source="always shows the difference between the HEAD and the index file&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;this is what you&amp;rsquo;d commit if you created the commit now&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;and that" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&ucy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; HEAD &icy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&mcy; &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &bcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &scy;&iecy;&jcy;&chcy;&acy;&scy; &mdash; &ZeroWidthSpace;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git diff</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="34542047616691c044b4707413b3044849256c986cb39fe546e0a8d30bf1a8fe/35" data-source="shows the difference between the working tree and the index file." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&ucy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&mcy; &icy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&mcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="f0ba798984aca1a8a6406928ad905603ca3946538611aa1f16c15e3bd9381a14/71" data-source="Note that &lt;code&gt;git add&lt;/code&gt; always adds just the current contents of a file to the index; further changes to the same file will be ignored unless you run &lt;code&gt;git add&lt;/code&gt; on the file again." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;  <code>git add</code>  &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;; &dcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy;&shcy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &icy;&gcy;&ncy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>git add</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="963ada0a547e54e8c6ba81fb94de275a0a28c949d0d5d274dbf0d2ae54a1f9f8/81" data-source="When you&amp;rsquo;re ready, just run" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&shcy;&softcy; &gcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &bcy;&iecy;&gcy;&icy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git commit</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="38dbccdcaee3be5591072488791047c5245f016643140a9d3802f90471cd19c8/9f" data-source="and Git will prompt you for a commit message and then create the new commit. Check to make sure it looks like what you expected with" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy;  Git  &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &vcy;&vcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;. &Ucy;&bcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;&ycy; &ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;.</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git show</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="e1ed5eb9a5ec3a5d5fc000a48fb4c3164351212108141d72cb11e3b69efcb810/5b" data-source="As a special shortcut," onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &yacy;&rcy;&lcy;&ycy;&kcy;&acy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git commit -a</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="568b64ec6fda3e56d5b83badae6d38fbee830c252e1ba8dc86449d18c8ef599b/59" data-source="will update the index with any files that you&amp;rsquo;ve modified or removed and create a commit, all in one step." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;, &icy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;, &icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &shcy;&acy;&gcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a1380583b1f893cbc5b65bcac547a9f2f15a09077e25f80c8623817492714075/6b" data-source="A number of commands are useful for keeping track of what you&amp;rsquo;re about to commit:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&yacy;&dcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&icy;&rcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git diff --cached <span class="hljs-comment" title="# difference between HEAD and the index; what"># &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&acy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; HEAD &icy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ocy;&mcy;; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;</span>
                    <span class="hljs-comment" title="# would be committed if you ran &quot;commit&quot; now."># &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&iecy;&jcy;&chcy;&acy;&scy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;  &quot;commit&quot; .</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git diff            <span class="hljs-comment" title="# difference between the index file and your"># &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&acy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&mcy; &icy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy;&mcy;</span>
                    <span class="hljs-comment" title="# working directory; changes that would not"># &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy;</span>
                    <span class="hljs-comment" title="# be included if you ran &quot;commit&quot; now."># &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&iecy;&jcy;&chcy;&acy;&scy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;  &quot;commit&quot; .</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git diff <span class="hljs-variable constant_">HEAD</span>            <span class="hljs-comment" title="# difference between HEAD and working tree; what"># &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&acy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; HEAD &icy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&mcy;; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;</span>
                    <span class="hljs-comment" title="# would be committed if you ran &quot;commit -a&quot; now."># &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&iecy;&jcy;&chcy;&acy;&scy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;  &quot;commit -a&quot; .</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git status            <span class="hljs-comment" title="# a brief per-file summary of the above."># &kcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy;&icy;&zcy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ucy;.</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="0ed3e09fba1dc900591fadb15c092c53332669a94deb51e8afa96dbd261bbc32/e2" data-source="You can also use &lt;a href=&quot;git-gui&quot;&gt;git-gui[1]&lt;/a&gt; to create commits, view changes in the index and the working tree files, and individually select diff hunks for inclusion in the index (by right-clicking on the diff hunk and choosing &amp;quot;Stage Hunk For Commit&amp;quot;)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="git-gui.html">git-gui[1]</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &vcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&iecy; &icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;&khcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &acy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&icy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&ucy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy; &fcy;&rcy;&acy;&gcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; (&shchcy;&iecy;&lcy;&kcy;&ncy;&ucy;&vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ncy;&ocy;&pcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &mcy;&ycy;&shcy;&icy; &fcy;&rcy;&acy;&gcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &icy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;  &quot;Stage Hunk For Commit&quot; ).</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="creating-good-commit-messages"><span data-i18n="a6df6e69d10db615501f9cba3adbb9d2a09ca8ae0e9eb971931382cdb754c022/3a" data-source="Creating good commit messages" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &khcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&shcy;&icy;&khcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&khcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="968b9dee663587dea1b910878d6ffd8c9f9d74c242f9a6798a1f99a9bf644e8f/c4" data-source="Though not required, it&amp;rsquo;s a good idea to begin the commit message with a single short (no more than 50 characters) line summarizing the change, followed by a blank line and then a more thorough description. The text up to the first blank line in a commit message is treated as the commit title, and that title is used throughout Git. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;git-format-patch&quot;&gt;git-format-patch[1]&lt;/a&gt; turns a commit into email, and it uses the title on the Subject line and the rest of the commit in the body." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&KHcy;&ocy;&tcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &scy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; (&ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; 50 &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;) &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&icy;, &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&ucy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &zcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;. &Tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&tcy; &dcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &ocy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&scy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&kcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&kcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&ocy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&mcy; Git. &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;,  <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch[1]</a>  &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy; &ecy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy;&mcy;&ocy; &icy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&kcy; &vcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&iecy; &laquo;&Tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;&raquo;, &acy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy; &mdash; &vcy; &tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="ignoring-files"><span data-i18n="0a6e41d896e3e213c5060e50a9e53e145a972c565d85f1215b101d976c26635f/77" data-source="Ignoring files" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Ignoring files</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="eb2ef61e64c099bd5987aafc2646b5290d4ac649bead53af08b89b65e4fc1744/be" data-source="A project will often generate files that you do &lt;code&gt;not&lt;/code&gt; want to track with Git. This typically includes files generated by a build process or temporary backup files made by your editor. Of course, &lt;code&gt;not&lt;/code&gt; tracking files with Git is just a matter of &lt;code&gt;not&lt;/code&gt; calling &lt;code&gt;git add&lt;/code&gt; on them. But it quickly becomes annoying to have these untracked files lying around; e.g. they make &lt;code&gt;git add .&lt;/code&gt; practically useless, and they keep showing up in the output of &lt;code&gt;git status&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &gcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;  <code>not</code>  &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  Git . &Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy;, &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&iecy; &scy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy;, &icy;&lcy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&jcy;, &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;. &Kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;,  <code>not</code>  &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  Git  &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;  <code>not</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ncy;&icy;&khcy;  <code>git add</code> . &Ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&khcy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&khcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &bcy;&ycy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy;; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;  <code>git add .</code>  &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &vcy;&ycy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy;  <code>git status</code>  .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="ce284e423fb11f714155db309dd72c9318ccc2023eecea52997eefa2d983a76e/45" data-source="You can tell Git to ignore certain files by creating a file called &lt;code&gt;.gitignore&lt;/code&gt; in the top level of your working directory, with contents such as:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  Git  &icy;&gcy;&ncy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy;, &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>.gitignore</code>  &ncy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&iecy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy; &scy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ycy;&mcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-yaml"><span class="hljs-comment" title="# Lines starting with &apos;#&apos; are considered comments."># &Scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&icy;, &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &apos;#&apos;, &scy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="# Ignore any file named foo.txt."># &Icy;&gcy;&ncy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; foo.txt.</span>
<span class="hljs-string">foo.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="# Ignore (generated) html files,"># &Icy;&gcy;&ncy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; (&scy;&gcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy;) html-&fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy;,</span>
<span class="hljs-string">*.html</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="# except foo.html which is maintained by hand."># &kcy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy; foo.html, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&rcy;&ucy;&chcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy;.</span>
<span class="hljs-type">!foo.html</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="# Ignore objects and archives."># &Icy;&gcy;&ncy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &icy; &acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&vcy;&ycy;.</span>
<span class="hljs-string">*.[oa]</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="5612a9dbed85e6013988741700b5846209f36116fd5eb1904a1475635e50c9db/ba" data-source="See &lt;a href=&quot;gitignore&quot;&gt;gitignore[5]&lt;/a&gt; for a detailed explanation of the syntax. You can also place .gitignore files in other directories in your working tree, and they will apply to those directories and their subdirectories. The &lt;code&gt;.gitignore&lt;/code&gt; files can be added to your repository like any other files (just run &lt;code&gt;git add
.gitignore&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;git commit&lt;/code&gt;, as usual), which is convenient when the exclude patterns (such as patterns matching build output files) would also make sense for other users who clone your repository." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&mcy;.  <a href="gitignore.html">gitignore[5]</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&icy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&scy;&acy;. &Vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; .gitignore &vcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &icy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&mcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;&mcy; &icy; &icy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;&mcy;. &Fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy;  <code>.gitignore</code>  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ycy;&iecy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; (&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>git add
.gitignore</code>  &icy;  <code>git commit</code>  , &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;), &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ucy;&dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ycy; &icy;&scy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; (&ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ycy;, &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy;) &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&tcy; &scy;&mcy;&ycy;&scy;&lcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy;. &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;&shchcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="84e325b48ef132c3fb95a26c128c710813624c20c038be42d2ac3327ed06fa84/9b" data-source="If you wish the exclude patterns to affect only certain repositories (instead of every repository for a given project), you may instead put them in a file in your repository named &lt;code&gt;.git/info/exclude&lt;/code&gt;, or in any file specified by the &lt;code&gt;core.excludesFile&lt;/code&gt; configuration variable. Some Git commands can also take exclude patterns directly on the command line. See &lt;a href=&quot;gitignore&quot;&gt;gitignore[5]&lt;/a&gt; for the details." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ycy; &icy;&scy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&lcy;&icy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; (&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;), &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy; &vcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>.git/info/exclude</code>  &icy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&icy;&gcy;&ucy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;  <code>core.excludesFile</code> . &Ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;  Git  &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ycy; &icy;&scy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&iecy;. &Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy;  <a href="gitignore.html">gitignore[5]</a> .</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="how-to-merge"><span data-i18n="7874625b868560dc368d2e7373b2c667800c7e321b8b1c1f941271c9fac2e8c4/17" data-source="How to merge" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="b6fa09be0800bc670e76cc727c56c9d6988bd7b662bd560e367696e1d7d1de7d/09" data-source="You can rejoin two diverging branches of development using &lt;a href=&quot;git-merge&quot;&gt;git-merge[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&ocy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&vcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yacy;  <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge[1]</a> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git merge branchname</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="1e84e85cafd543c86672ecf5dc80ca55d45f98322c326bbacb11eaf4c3c840f3/9e" data-source="merges the development in the branch &lt;code&gt;branchname&lt;/code&gt; into the current branch." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;  <code>branchname</code>  &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="0c1b5cd7d2442c3b0bd0c024bbb9738330a6da32bc1ee394fc1e5cd6eb1d9f4b/44" data-source="A merge is made by combining the changes made in &lt;code&gt;branchname&lt;/code&gt; and the changes made up to the latest commit in your current branch since their histories forked. The work tree is overwritten by the result of the merge when this combining is done cleanly, or overwritten by a half-merged results when this combining results in conflicts. Therefore, if you have uncommitted changes touching the same files as the ones impacted by the merge, Git will refuse to proceed. Most of the time, you will want to commit your changes before you can merge, and if you don&amp;rsquo;t, then &lt;a href=&quot;git-stash&quot;&gt;git-stash[1]&lt;/a&gt; can take these changes away while you&amp;rsquo;re doing the merge, and reapply them afterwards." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;, &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;  <code>branchname</code> , &icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;, &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &dcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy; &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy; &scy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&khcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;. &Rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy; &chcy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;, &icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &kcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;. &Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&gcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &tcy;&iecy; &zhcy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy; &tcy;&iecy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&lcy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;,  Git  &ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;. &Vcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&vcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &acy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;,  <a href="git-stash.html">git-stash[1]</a>  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &icy; &vcy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ncy;&ocy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="62f2ad0f880c293ad360f46143fe6e4d101f8a502756375c55c19bc9bbd047c4/65" data-source="If the changes are independent enough, Git will automatically complete the merge and commit the result (or reuse an existing commit in case of &lt;a href=&quot;#fast-forwards&quot;&gt;fast-forward&lt;/a&gt;, see below). On the other hand, if there are conflicts&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;for example, if the same file is modified in two different ways in the remote branch and the local branch&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;then you are warned; the output may look something like this:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;&mcy;&ycy;,  Git  &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy; (&icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &vcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#fast-forwards">fast-forward</a> , &scy;&mcy;. &ncy;&icy;&zhcy;&iecy;). &Scy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ycy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &mdash; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &icy; &tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&mcy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &vcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;&khcy; &mdash; &vcy;&ycy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy;; &vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&ycy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ocy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-sql">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">merge</span> next
 <span class="hljs-number">100</span><span class="hljs-operator">%</span> (<span class="hljs-number">4</span><span class="hljs-operator">/</span><span class="hljs-number">4</span>) done
Auto<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>merged file.txt
CONFLICT (content): <span class="hljs-keyword">Merge</span> conflict <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> file.txt
Automatic <span class="hljs-keyword">merge</span> failed; fix conflicts <span class="hljs-keyword">and</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">then</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span> the result.</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="95e51135cad2f24516ad9ad1f0b053a9182004cb64f8b30567b594f8d82464a3/3e" data-source="Conflict markers are left in the problematic files, and after you resolve the conflicts manually, you can update the index with the contents and run Git commit, as you normally would when creating a new file." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Mcy;&acy;&rcy;&kcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ycy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;&khcy;, &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy;&rcy;&ucy;&chcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ycy;&mcy; &icy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;  Git , &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="2a9c8bef421370060d90dccdf8ca02590edba2218b5f691c1fde4a4bfd7f772e/2d" data-source="If you examine the resulting commit using gitk, you will see that it has two parents, one pointing to the top of the current branch, and one to the top of the other branch." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; gitk, &vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ucy; &ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&vcy;&acy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;: &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &acy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &mdash; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="resolving-a-merge"><span data-i18n="a12cd83e7382eb93b1013f4312024dfcbaeebc724b460b3f6ad49ddf80780caf/73" data-source="Resolving a merge" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="e4f5720c208984c54901351aaacfa93621669292bb84de78e88be1358a74cbcf/f4" data-source="When a merge isn&amp;rsquo;t resolved automatically, Git leaves the index and the working tree in a special state that gives you all the information you need to help resolve the merge." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;,  Git  &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &icy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &vcy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &vcy;&scy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;, &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ucy;&yucy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="7949f929c59a5d127670075c65f4237c7995ddbb63854151829d4c3a420b85cf/d0" data-source="Files with conflicts are marked specially in the index, so until you resolve the problem and update the index, &lt;a href=&quot;git-commit&quot;&gt;git-commit[1]&lt;/a&gt; will fail:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &scy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&chcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&iecy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy; &ncy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &icy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;,  <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit[1]</a>  &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-sql">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span>
file.txt: needs <span class="hljs-keyword">merge</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="090a9141ae215d306e396ef2ca71c5dac047a7b783512f55955eae8873359937/b3" data-source="Also, &lt;a href=&quot;git-status&quot;&gt;git-status[1]&lt;/a&gt; will list those files as &amp;quot;unmerged&amp;quot;, and the files with conflicts will have conflict markers added, like this:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;,  <a href="git-status.html">git-status[1]</a>  &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  &quot;unmerged&quot; , &acy; &kcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy; &mcy;&acy;&rcy;&kcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ycy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-markdown">&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt; HEAD:file.txt
<span class="hljs-section">Hello world
=======</span>
Goodbye
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 77976da35a11db4580b80ae27e8d65caf5208086:file.txt</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="75dd54822af4b4b234861274334e26a229b2764607d69c5908666791103448ae/de" data-source="All you need to do is edit the files to resolve the conflicts, and then" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&scy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git add file.txt
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git commit</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="b93b3d3ed08cf6090dfbb448c3875a4e81ab8d3168c4d6b23be79d246e606f0c/a5" data-source="Note that the commit message will already be filled in for you with some information about the merge. Normally you can just use this default message unchanged, but you may add additional commentary of your own if desired." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy; &ocy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&icy;. &Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;, &ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &zhcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="1c0344f85bc8d2813476291631c6d6b033a93e091e56fb99b0bea05e9d202b81/08" data-source="The above is all you need to know to resolve a simple merge. But Git also provides more information to help resolve conflicts:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy;&ucy;&pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&yacy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&ocy;&iecy; &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;. &Ncy;&ocy;  Git  &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;, &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;:</span></p> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="conflict-resolution"><span data-i18n="08ebb3157d6172f3b0e364ef04b042bf374274cf2d685c16f10102ec1313e3a6/47" data-source="Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="7158cdbce52287e2df35add3997bd848726b4cd993894a2a0e88ba4fddf0485e/da" data-source="All of the changes that Git was able to merge automatically are already added to the index file, so &lt;a href=&quot;git-diff&quot;&gt;git-diff[1]&lt;/a&gt; shows only the conflicts. It uses an unusual syntax:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&scy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy;  Git  &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy; &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy; &vcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;  <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff[1]</a>  &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;. &Ocy;&ncy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&icy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&scy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-diff">$ git diff
diff --cc file.txt
<span class="hljs-comment">index 802992c,2b60207..0000000</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">--- a/file.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">+++ b/file.txt</span>
@@@ -1,1 -1,1 +1,5 @@@
<span class="hljs-addition">++&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt; HEAD:file.txt</span>
 +Hello world
<span class="hljs-addition">++=======</span>
<span class="hljs-addition">+ Goodbye</span>
<span class="hljs-addition">++&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 77976da35a11db4580b80ae27e8d65caf5208086:file.txt</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="3cc0a1b9f091366e46e12f9e3ab5fb8b48e11257dbfbdeda62c1c711dc366e8a/f6" data-source="Recall that the commit which will be committed after we resolve this conflict will have two parents instead of the usual one: one parent will be HEAD, the tip of the current branch; the other will be the tip of the other branch, which is stored temporarily in MERGE_HEAD." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &mcy;&ycy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&mcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;, &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&khcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;: &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; HEAD, &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; MERGE_HEAD.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="331168f2f4653f2734683602fa367a2ed565ad741a4fc6e6ff3aecb410a37cbb/fb" data-source="During the merge, the index holds three versions of each file. Each of these three &amp;quot;file stages&amp;quot; represents a different version of the file:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &tcy;&rcy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;. &Kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&khcy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;  &quot;file stages&quot;  &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git show <span class="hljs-symbol">:</span><span class="hljs-number">1</span><span class="hljs-symbol">:file</span>.txt        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# the file in a common ancestor of both branches"># &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &ucy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&kcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&icy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy;</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git show <span class="hljs-symbol">:</span><span class="hljs-number">2</span><span class="hljs-symbol">:file</span>.txt        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# the version from HEAD."># &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; HEAD.</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git show <span class="hljs-symbol">:</span><span class="hljs-number">3</span><span class="hljs-symbol">:file</span>.txt        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# the version from MERGE_HEAD."># &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; MERGE_HEAD.</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="af095541acd54a700363221997d546998650071d7dbd7d3a290d9e9fea6214c9/48" data-source="When you ask &lt;a href=&quot;git-diff&quot;&gt;git-diff[1]&lt;/a&gt; to show the conflicts, it runs a three-way diff between the conflicted merge results in the work tree with stages 2 and 3 to show only hunks whose contents come from both sides, mixed (in other words, when a hunk&amp;rsquo;s merge results come only from stage 2, that part is not conflicting and is not shown. Same for stage 3)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;  <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff[1]</a>  &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;, &ocy;&ncy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&yucy;&yucy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&ucy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&iecy; &scy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; 2 &icy; 3, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &fcy;&rcy;&acy;&gcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ycy;, &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy; &ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&icy;&khcy; &scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;, &scy;&mcy;&iecy;&shcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; (&dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &fcy;&rcy;&acy;&gcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ycy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy; &vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&acy;, &ecy;&tcy;&acy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; (&tcy;&ocy; &zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy; &scy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&mcy; 3).</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="b71d72290504a6287be92212a7a4ece60ad117ff514c6050de6d07cc567cf8cb/7f" data-source="The diff above shows the differences between the working-tree version of file.txt and the stage 2 and stage 3 versions. So instead of preceding each line by a single &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;-&lt;/code&gt;, it now uses two columns: the first column is used for differences between the first parent and the working directory copy, and the second for differences between the second parent and the working directory copy. (See the &amp;quot;COMBINED DIFF FORMAT&amp;quot; section of &lt;a href=&quot;git-diff-files&quot;&gt;git-diff-files[1]&lt;/a&gt; for a details of the format.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&yacy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy; file.txt &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&iecy; &icy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&acy; 2 &icy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&acy; 3. &Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&vcy;&acy;&rcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ucy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;  <code>+</code>  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  <code>-</code>  , &tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&vcy;&acy; &scy;&tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&bcy;&tscy;&acy;: &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&bcy;&iecy;&tscy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ycy;&mcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ecy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &icy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;, &acy; &vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &mdash; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&mcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ecy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &icy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;. . (&Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy; &fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;  &quot;COMBINED DIFF FORMAT&quot;  &dcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;  <a href="git-diff-files.html">git-diff-files[1]</a> .)</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="162343eee4675673303cf245c2ffbb1f83a84cec22721243fad2e7a755d54c1f/4d" data-source="After resolving the conflict in the obvious way (but before updating the index), the diff will look like:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&mcy; (&ncy;&ocy; &dcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;) &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&acy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&ycy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-diff">$ git diff
diff --cc file.txt
<span class="hljs-comment">index 802992c,2b60207..0000000</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">--- a/file.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">+++ b/file.txt</span>
@@@ -1,1 -1,1 +1,1 @@@
<span class="hljs-deletion">- Hello world</span>
 -Goodbye
<span class="hljs-addition">++Goodbye world</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="df9f6bc9ce1b7900ce38736c83ea7c07e66bc2fd2acfa779d8de6b807c3b1b20/80" data-source="This shows that our resolved version deleted &amp;quot;Hello world&amp;quot; from the first parent, deleted &amp;quot;Goodbye&amp;quot; from the second parent, and added &amp;quot;Goodbye world&amp;quot;, which was previously absent from both." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&shcy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&lcy;&acy;  &quot;Hello world&quot;  &icy;&zcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;, &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&lcy;&acy;  &quot;Goodbye&quot;  &icy;&zcy; &vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy; &icy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&acy;  &quot;Goodbye world&quot; , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy; &vcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&icy;&khcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="b190fe3caf144809f59fe25083905db354eb6c9b3a841dcfd279dfd1fe9764f8/bc" data-source="Some special diff options allow diffing the working directory against any of these stages:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&rcy;&ycy; &scy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &scy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy; &ncy;&acy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&mcy; &icy;&zcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&khcy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&vcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git diff -<span class="hljs-number">1</span> file.txt                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# diff against stage 1"># &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&acy; &scy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&mcy; 1</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git diff --base file.txt        <span class="hljs-comment"># same as the above</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git diff -<span class="hljs-number">2</span> file.txt                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# diff against stage 2"># &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&acy; &scy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&mcy; 2</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git diff --ours file.txt        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# same as the above"># &tcy;&ocy; &zhcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy;</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git diff -<span class="hljs-number">3</span> file.txt                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# diff against stage 3"># &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&acy; &scy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&mcy; 3</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git diff --theirs file.txt        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# same as the above."># &tcy;&ocy; &zhcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy;.</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="6688c68025162fbd5ba79790471d3e8b63a16b684f6913feeac34886998227db/e3" data-source="When using the &lt;code&gt;ort&lt;/code&gt; merge strategy (the default), before updating the working tree with the result of the merge, Git writes a ref named AUTO_MERGE reflecting the state of the tree it is about to write. Conflicted paths with textual conflicts that could not be automatically merged are written to this tree with conflict markers, just as in the working tree. AUTO_MERGE can thus be used with &lt;a href=&quot;git-diff&quot;&gt;git-diff[1]&lt;/a&gt; to show the changes you&amp;rsquo;ve made so far to resolve conflicts. Using the same example as above, after resolving the conflict we get:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&icy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  <code>ort</code>  (&pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy;) &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  Git  &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&ucy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; AUTO_MERGE, &ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &ocy;&ncy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&icy;&rcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;. &Kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&scy;&softcy; &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &mcy;&acy;&rcy;&kcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&iecy;. &Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, AUTO_MERGE &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;  <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff[1]</a> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yacy; &tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-diff">$ git diff AUTO_MERGE
<span class="hljs-comment">diff --git a/file.txt b/file.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="index cd10406..8bf5ae7 100644">&icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; cd10406..8bf5ae7 100644</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">--- a/file.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">+++ b/file.txt</span>
@@ -1,5 +1 @@
<span class="hljs-deletion">-&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt; HEAD:file.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-deletion">-Hello world</span>
<span class="hljs-deletion">-=======</span>
<span class="hljs-deletion">-Goodbye</span>
<span class="hljs-deletion">-&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 77976da35a11db4580b80ae27e8d65caf5208086:file.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-addition">+Goodbye world</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7adc16c5c56da2e4335cc77f765ed4584ac8bb4bfcc0c0e62e82e6ac79b02fa7/ac" data-source="Notice that the diff shows we deleted the conflict markers and both versions of the content line, and wrote &amp;quot;Goodbye world&amp;quot; instead." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ycy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &mcy;&acy;&rcy;&kcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ycy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;  &quot;Goodbye world&quot; .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="b9d4410981fc36e6544ddabfdfbc78db579a8eae98c036c4441c0624bc693b70/9e" data-source="The &lt;a href=&quot;git-log&quot;&gt;git-log[1]&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;gitk&quot;&gt;gitk[1]&lt;/a&gt; commands also provide special help for merges:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;  <a href="git-log.html">git-log[1]</a>  &icy;  <a href="gitk.html">gitk[1]</a>  &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&icy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua">$ git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> <span class="hljs-comment">--merge</span>
$ gitk <span class="hljs-comment">--merge</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="d6504be838bce207de3c5db92731e0001adef7c12adbdf691b9059090eeb9336/c2" data-source="These will display all commits which exist only on HEAD or on MERGE_HEAD, and which touch an unmerged file." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&ncy;&icy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy; HEAD &icy;&lcy;&icy; MERGE_HEAD &icy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&scy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="68e0f183da32db543bce37741a7b37418d2a62c43a509d54cacea96aaebca017/83" data-source="You may also use &lt;a href=&quot;git-mergetool&quot;&gt;git-mergetool[1]&lt;/a&gt;, which lets you merge the unmerged files using external tools such as Emacs or kdiff3." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="git-mergetool.html">git-mergetool[1]</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&shcy;&ncy;&icy;&khcy; &icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; Emacs &icy;&lcy;&icy; kdiff3.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="d68c53694d93e418f9eefb110035b7d9877aaf2be7f4454b1f028c4f497e2d01/6f" data-source="Each time you resolve the conflicts in a file and update the index:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &vcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&iecy; &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-csharp">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">add</span> file.txt</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="59ea3e8ced367ed4f126992504ffeed857fcf795233e9a544e18d77463a39e24/d3" data-source="the different stages of that file will be &amp;quot;collapsed&amp;quot;, after which &lt;code&gt;git diff&lt;/code&gt; will (by default) no longer show diffs for that file." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&ycy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy;  &quot;collapsed&quot; , &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;  <code>git diff</code>  (&pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy;) &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;.</span></p> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="undoing-a-merge"><span data-i18n="745c33dbabfb35a2e98e8153804b8560f7474ef7734c97d614d26fd8ddfa1ac9/f0" data-source="Undoing a merge" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&tcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="70e5685e4f6b839f33c709cd1530d112de3ff88c1541a1055c5e8683e2fcc0fb/00" data-source="If you get stuck and decide to just give up and throw the whole mess away, you can always return to the pre-merge state with" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&yacy;&lcy;&icy; &icy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&ocy;&kcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-sql">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">merge</span> <span class="hljs-comment">--abort</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="c3cec35ef5a5c2c54321790f75453ed4786ead834417371d538c801252a0932b/ad" data-source="Or, if you&amp;rsquo;ve already committed the merge that you want to throw away," onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&lcy;&icy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;,</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua">$ git reset <span class="hljs-comment">--hard ORIG_HEAD</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="f950c8cd92a394deb4448e3f47f607ae55ae53df41c5e27a02d1ee6adcca4fcb/f1" data-source="However, this last command can be dangerous in some cases&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;never throw away a commit you have already committed if that commit may itself have been merged into another branch, as doing so may confuse further merges." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&yacy;&khcy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&yacy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&pcy;&acy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &mdash; &ncy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy; &scy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy;&shcy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="fast-forwards"><span data-i18n="05bb6061414fc0c65332f9851d8a3f8b4fab074aa0a8b4e485c387202c172019/80" data-source="Fast-forward merges" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Fast-forward merges</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="a7efa2fa55cb671758d2a9cfda0cb9d68765baf4fd99f2b3ce890624863983e9/6c" data-source="There is one special case not mentioned above, which is treated differently. Normally, a merge results in a merge commit, with two parents, one pointing at each of the two lines of development that were merged." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&jcy;, &ncy;&iecy; &ucy;&pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&yacy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&scy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;-&dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;. &Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&mcy;&yacy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&khcy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="60cdb4e0ca056a7f49d1fb206220ba3a734b0002f9ba9419cc3f49ace3df4be3/c9" data-source="However, if the current branch is an ancestor of the other&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;so every commit present in the current branch is already contained in the other branch&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;then Git just performs a &amp;quot;fast-forward&amp;quot;; the head of the current branch is moved forward to point at the head of the merged-in branch, without any new commits being created." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&softcy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &mdash; &tcy;&ocy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &vcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;, &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy; &mdash; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy;  Git  &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;  &quot;fast-forward&quot; ; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&kcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="fixing-mistakes"><span data-i18n="250d4a0c941010f0af960bb0a0760b5f76ea31c333588da66555afefce41a935/3f" data-source="Fixing mistakes" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Fixing mistakes</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="a6ff8a419dd3f3da21deaa652d28d2498f1876b214a9aae3eabb9c18bbb3fcb8/31" data-source="If you&amp;rsquo;ve messed up the working tree, but haven&amp;rsquo;t yet committed your mistake, you can return the entire working tree to the last committed state with" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;, &ncy;&ocy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &vcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git restore --staged --worktree <span class="hljs-symbol">:/</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="965ecafe7f84dec3dadafa1010ca1fc8f061ce12d5e5add9cabc39a197de5b49/31" data-source="If you make a commit that you later wish you hadn&amp;rsquo;t, there are two fundamentally different ways to fix the problem:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&iecy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&ocy;&scy;&softcy; &bcy;&ycy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&vcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&tscy;&icy;&pcy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;:</span></p> <div> <ol> <li> <p><span data-i18n="5c59e65f36725f453e586f34c46b240423d09d543afdbadf466fa29a0390b2b3/08" data-source="You can create a new commit that undoes whatever was done by the old commit. This is the correct thing if your mistake has already been made public." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&tcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ycy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&acy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&acy; &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="7b2b71d9a7dd139d1842cd3a72861b497e0ff9dfd06464dfabcfeed3c5e90b0b/4c" data-source="You can go back and modify the old commit. You should never do this if you have already made the history public; Git does not normally expect the &amp;quot;history&amp;quot; of a project to change, and cannot correctly perform repeated merges from a branch that has had its history changed." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;. &Ncy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;;  Git  &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  &quot;history&quot;  &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &icy; &ncy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;.</span></p> </li> </ol> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="reverting-a-commit"><span data-i18n="df18fd1771747f2d0c66fcd8b342e86b4ab2ccc2ce0f3c7c78f8e7d12c3d3029/10" data-source="Fixing a mistake with a new commit" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="87cd9c98b032e0494b628720543f56a2c68dd1f1f4f2f380730c18434cb73bd6/cc" data-source="Creating a new commit that reverts an earlier change is very easy; just pass the &lt;a href=&quot;git-revert&quot;&gt;git-revert[1]&lt;/a&gt; command a reference to the bad commit; for example, to revert the most recent commit:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&tcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ycy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;  <a href="git-revert.html">git-revert[1]</a>  &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&ucy; &ncy;&acy; &pcy;&lcy;&ocy;&khcy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git revert <span class="hljs-variable constant_">HEAD</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="db228af8963c54b94f164c7d45a7a86a13879116c7a11c9d25c3c091b8e92e94/e4" data-source="This will create a new commit which undoes the change in HEAD. You will be given a chance to edit the commit message for the new commit." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&tcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; HEAD. &Vcy;&acy;&mcy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &ZeroWidthSpace;&ZeroWidthSpace;&vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a15ee796199c76f8d2ff5e3b3d611a12d036a31856983f77e52b16a1d56da35d/33" data-source="You can also revert an earlier change, for example, the next-to-last:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git revert <span class="hljs-variable constant_">HEAD</span>^</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="5e8f7311938ffb9edaeb1ac085f5c981a67a24d492e1e44d898ddb0ebe0a3602/84" data-source="In this case Git will attempt to undo the old change while leaving intact any changes made since then. If more recent changes overlap with the changes to be reverted, then you will be asked to fix conflicts manually, just as in the case of &lt;a href=&quot;#resolving-a-merge&quot;&gt;resolving a merge&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;  Git  &pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ycy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&vcy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&rcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &vcy;&rcy;&ucy;&chcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &vcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &scy;  <a href="user-manual.html#resolving-a-merge">resolving a merge</a> .</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history"><span data-i18n="260c2b16545549363feee34fc8b13fc8be84bacbc3e8233126a800d28f3533d2/4a" data-source="Fixing a mistake by rewriting history" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="b9cc6cb14f248b694526485211f02629db331229a136f819ff1e7b52d0eb0b2c/d8" data-source="If the problematic commit is the most recent commit, and you have not yet made that commit public, then you may just &lt;a href=&quot;#undoing-a-merge&quot;&gt;destroy it using &lt;code&gt;git reset&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &icy; &vcy;&ycy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#undoing-a-merge">destroy it using <code>git reset</code></a>  .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="e7e37b183bcb856c4b6b487c8d5193127153e0a55bdc50b3f76cc43036949a87/b2" data-source="Alternatively, you can edit the working directory and update the index to fix your mistake, just as if you were going to &lt;a href=&quot;#how-to-make-a-commit&quot;&gt;create a new commit&lt;/a&gt;, then run" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Acy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy; &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy; &zhcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&lcy;&icy; &kcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#how-to-make-a-commit">create a new commit</a> , &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-sql">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span> <span class="hljs-comment">--amend</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="858a5141ef2be17fa8b797d75faad53ce2173dfb17a7a8ed5d0ef5e4e4844582/91" data-source="which will replace the old commit by a new commit incorporating your changes, giving you a chance to edit the old commit message first." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&mcy;, &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="89ebc2a158c3aefd8fef5e3edcba0d747a3c9d76e3ebae143ff34d79a76120e7/b4" data-source="Again, you should never do this to a commit that may already have been merged into another branch; use &lt;a href=&quot;git-revert&quot;&gt;git-revert[1]&lt;/a&gt; instead in that case." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&pcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &zhcy;&iecy;, &ncy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy;, &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy; &scy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;  <a href="git-revert.html">git-revert[1]</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="9cf82cef608a93b86f74ed19ba4dc739369a20c507cda282c6b7d57e2b00c04b/62" data-source="It is also possible to replace commits further back in the history, but this is an advanced topic to be left for &lt;a href=&quot;#cleaning-up-history&quot;&gt;another chapter&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &dcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#cleaning-up-history">another chapter</a> .</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="checkout-of-path"><span data-i18n="dd291fd35cc55c23962dc3e295fc593c14ffa20b21d9a148f2ca7a08a05a6e50/e0" data-source="Checking out an old version of a file" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="a2dc12918ec2e4a6b93a1ad5c057a9f616ac7cffd1384717337da086cd74a835/53" data-source="In the process of undoing a previous bad change, you may find it useful to check out an older version of a particular file using &lt;a href=&quot;git-restore&quot;&gt;git-restore[1]&lt;/a&gt;. The command" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ycy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-restore.html">git-restore[1]</a> . &Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git restore --<span class="hljs-built_in">source</span>=HEAD^ path/to/file</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="caf836a3420812b2df2b88fb955f6a7bb7489a0c786993ab4fd1798c51ab2d24/c5" data-source="replaces path/to/file by the contents it had in the commit HEAD^, and also updates the index to match. It does not change branches." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy;/&kcy;/&fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ucy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ycy;&mcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; HEAD^, &acy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&ncy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;. &Ocy;&ncy; &ncy;&iecy; &mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="7b29db6b3853e75fc2a953c6f77eb6e607eebad029c8617ca55eb7944d5c849c/b8" data-source="If you just want to look at an old version of the file, without modifying the working directory, you can do that with &lt;a href=&quot;git-show&quot;&gt;git-show[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;, &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-show.html">git-show[1]</a> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git show <span class="hljs-variable constant_">HEAD</span>^<span class="hljs-symbol">:path/to/file</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="10e4ff1f418075dfdf3bd671fd2e4668310b73fc5a05247f5ff57fc2516db712/99" data-source="which will display the given version of the file." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="interrupted-work"><span data-i18n="4618ee63afac0291af0e22ac96af9c91a9be96582afbd25e2f1a45e7f6038b1e/d7" data-source="Temporarily setting aside work in progress" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ucy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="7aecc559e112168cda7c66eac7a2daf6666217ef77b4a687cab83cfbe3c451fc/c4" data-source="While you are in the middle of working on something complicated, you find an unrelated but obvious and trivial bug. You would like to fix it before continuing. You can use &lt;a href=&quot;git-stash&quot;&gt;git-stash[1]&lt;/a&gt; to save the current state of your work, and after fixing the bug (or, optionally after doing so on a different branch and then coming back), unstash the work-in-progress changes." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&dcy; &chcy;&iecy;&mcy;-&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy; &tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&ucy;. &Vcy;&ycy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;. &Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="git-stash.html">git-stash[1]</a> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ycy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&icy; (&icy;&lcy;&icy;, &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy; &icy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy;), &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ycy;.</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-perl">$ git stash <span class="hljs-keyword">push</span> -m <span class="hljs-string">&quot;work in progress for foo feature&quot;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="76dd0e9a83b7bed9e4a6c429b2b5341b28ee5b71d140960aabde3e08891a0936/be" data-source="This command will save your changes away to the &lt;code&gt;stash&lt;/code&gt;, and reset your working tree and the index to match the tip of your current branch. Then you can make your fix as usual." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy;  <code>stash</code>  &icy; &scy;&bcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &icy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&ucy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;. &Zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;.</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">... edit and <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span> ...
$ git commit -a -m <span class="hljs-string">&quot;blorpl: typofix&quot;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="5fd646815db64a7361fad6d937e0a0727d4d01c558f67a059b651adc0e0ef286/97" data-source="After that, you can go back to what you were working on with &lt;code&gt;git stash pop&lt;/code&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;, &ncy;&acy;&dcy; &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;  <code>git stash pop</code> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-perl">$ git stash <span class="hljs-keyword">pop</span></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="ensuring-good-performance"><span data-i18n="17ac453af9dc72923557f3d18cf2e2dde7a6878441b4ac5ed77ebc68f0129b61/39" data-source="Ensuring good performance" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &khcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="fb084dffd036137dcc4e081f08704222107b157058111c9f675a03c35b3b058c/f6" data-source="On large repositories, Git depends on compression to keep the history information from taking up too much space on disk or in memory. Some Git commands may automatically run &lt;a href=&quot;git-gc&quot;&gt;git-gc[1]&lt;/a&gt;, so you don&amp;rsquo;t have to worry about running it manually. However, compressing a large repository may take a while, so you may want to call &lt;code&gt;gc&lt;/code&gt; explicitly to avoid automatic compression kicking in when it is not convenient." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy;  Git  &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&shcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&acy; &ncy;&acy; &dcy;&icy;&scy;&kcy;&iecy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy; &pcy;&acy;&mcy;&yacy;&tcy;&icy;. &Ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;  Git  &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="git-gc.html">git-gc[1]</a> , &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&iecy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&ucy;&chcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy;. &Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&iecy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>gc</code> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy;&bcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&ucy;&dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="ensuring-reliability"><span data-i18n="eccfa168665856d23aa0d6790512bfc82ed57538d7838dbb759cf1b3998b9218/59" data-source="Ensuring reliability" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Ensuring reliability</span></h3> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="checking-for-corruption"><span data-i18n="4e02bd87f4e85cf4397451b7dd4eea1ac3f460e4f5c94b31eb08054a77d5648e/a7" data-source="Checking the repository for corruption" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&kcy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="fc34b7c0311e461d71fce0c362df8edca0557411622cdb6ab6c452bb45b1867d/34" data-source="The &lt;a href=&quot;git-fsck&quot;&gt;git-fsck[1]&lt;/a&gt; command runs a number of self-consistency checks on the repository, and reports on any problems. This may take some time." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-fsck.html">git-fsck[1]</a>  &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&yacy;&dcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy; &tscy;&iecy;&lcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &icy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ycy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;&khcy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy;.</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-sql">$ git fsck
dangling <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span> <span class="hljs-number">7281251</span>ddd2a61e38657c827739c57015671a6b3
dangling <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span> <span class="hljs-number">2706</span>a059f258c6b245f298dc4ff2ccd30ec21a63
dangling <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span> <span class="hljs-number">13472</span>b7c4b80851a1bc551779171dcb03655e9b5
dangling <span class="hljs-type">blob</span> <span class="hljs-number">218761</span>f9d90712d37a9c5e36f406f92202db07eb
dangling <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span> bf093535a34a4d35731aa2bd90fe6b176302f14f
dangling <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span> <span class="hljs-number">8e4</span>bec7f2ddaa268bef999853c25755452100f8e
dangling tree d50bb86186bf27b681d25af89d3b5b68382e4085
dangling tree b24c2473f1fd3d91352a624795be026d64c8841f
...</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7ca48ce402746098e66fb6d992a26ac282194ca6ef640a93229917e34ee1f3b6/55" data-source="You will see informational messages on dangling objects. They are objects that still exist in the repository but are no longer referenced by any of your branches, and can (and will) be removed after a while with &lt;code&gt;gc&lt;/code&gt;. You can run &lt;code&gt;git fsck --no-dangling&lt;/code&gt; to suppress these messages, and still view real errors." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&acy;&khcy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&icy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy; &icy;&zcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy;, &icy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; (&icy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy;) &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <code>gc</code>  . &Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>git fsck --no-dangling</code> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&icy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="recovering-lost-changes"><span data-i18n="ec0b69ed9d9bef0173a7e2588ebfff957b05d5d4d8c810ca9c3e3f42ac0d786f/e1" data-source="Recovering lost changes" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;</span></h4> <div> <h5 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="reflogs"><span data-i18n="e1159ea8c3d330bf7ff6a51cc0e9b20bf79b7951395a352ff1c3c2f9ab6a461c/88" data-source="Reflogs" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Reflogs</span></h5> <p><span data-i18n="3ccb931a8d5aa307e77ca26d22c4ebaa759fd63b5aa55517b75ee4dcac21c234/ad" data-source="Say you modify a branch with &lt;a href=&quot;#fixing-mistakes&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;git reset --hard&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and then realize that the branch was the only reference you had to that point in history." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&mcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="user-manual.html#fixing-mistakes"><code>git reset --hard</code></a>  , &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&yacy;&lcy;&icy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy; &iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy; &ncy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="c212c071e5bb918bb138937611e390fcc3368c2fc9b4f430f844f96852c32f57/99" data-source="Fortunately, Git also keeps a log, called a &amp;quot;reflog&amp;quot;, of all the previous values of each branch. So in this case you can still find the old history using, for example," onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy; &scy;&chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;&yucy;,  Git  &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &zhcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;, &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy;  &quot;reflog&quot; , &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ycy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;. &Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yacy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;,</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-perl">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">log</span> master@{1}</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="ad8c55230f4a34cba56b1d4f7f586df956ae63fda384869843a3936d3e8a0da9/a9" data-source="This lists the commits reachable from the previous version of the &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt; branch head. This syntax can be used with any Git command that accepts a commit, not just with &lt;code&gt;git log&lt;/code&gt;. Some other examples:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;, &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ycy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;  <code>master</code> . &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &scy;&icy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&scy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ocy;&jcy;  Git , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;, &acy; &ncy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy;  <code>git log</code> . &Ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ycy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git show master@{2}                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# See where the branch pointed 2,"># &Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ucy;&dcy;&acy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; 2,</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git show master@{3}                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# 3, ... changes ago.">&numero;3, ... &mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&dcy;.</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">gitk master@{yesterday}        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# See where it pointed yesterday,"># &Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ucy;&dcy;&acy; &ocy;&ncy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy; &vcy;&chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;,</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">gitk master@{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;1 week ago&quot;</span>}        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# ... or last week"># ... &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&shcy;&lcy;&ocy;&jcy; &ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> --walk-reflogs master        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# show reflog entries for master"># &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&icy; &rcy;&iecy;&fcy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &mcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;</span></span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="77f33067b70f7a29bdca7e95ee044f85a3c50459bae8af0224537dc237c8e06b/6e" data-source="A separate reflog is kept for the HEAD, so" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&lcy;&yacy; HEAD &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &zhcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy; &rcy;&iecy;&fcy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-kotlin">$ git show <span class="hljs-symbol">HEAD@</span>{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;1 week ago&quot;</span>}</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="a681c8f9ba946f12312255174995b83499089fbefc494a969a5b1f77a8c553db/da" data-source="will show what HEAD pointed to one week ago, not what the current branch pointed to one week ago. This allows you to see the history of what you&amp;rsquo;ve checked out." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy;, &ncy;&acy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy; HEAD &ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yucy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&dcy;, &acy; &ncy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;, &ncy;&acy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yucy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&dcy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&lcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="7ff3fd348f2bb37dcd787958931f0e74cd6b975085aebfe15e0d1170c061774c/29" data-source="The reflogs are kept by default for 30 days, after which they may be pruned. See &lt;a href=&quot;git-reflog&quot;&gt;git-reflog[1]&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;git-gc&quot;&gt;git-gc[1]&lt;/a&gt; to learn how to control this pruning, and see the &amp;quot;SPECIFYING REVISIONS&amp;quot; section of &lt;a href=&quot;gitrevisions&quot;&gt;gitrevisions[7]&lt;/a&gt; for details." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &zhcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&ycy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy;&kcy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; 30 &dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&khcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;. &Scy;&mcy;.  <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog[1]</a>  &icy;  <a href="git-gc.html">git-gc[1]</a> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;, &acy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;  &quot;SPECIFYING REVISIONS&quot;  &scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&icy;  <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions[7]</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="ad9c934f24e852418a35b585ca6c3d8b624bb20fcfb4604172034ee4dbf562e8/9c" data-source="Note that the reflog history is very different from normal Git history. While normal history is shared by every repository that works on the same project, the reflog history is not shared: it tells you only about how the branches in your local repository have changed over time." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &zhcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &scy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;  Git . &Vcy; &tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&acy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;, &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; &ncy;&acy;&dcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy; &icy; &tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &zhcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy;&kcy; &ncy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy;: &ocy;&ncy;&acy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&mcy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h5 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="dangling-object-recovery"><span data-i18n="4e175e5566e2c620838f1bf7b2b7a1cbdb423099e35583c6322ca821b4e7b39b/91" data-source="Examining dangling objects" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&acy;&scy;&scy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;</span></h5> <p><span data-i18n="abad1e59e81f93eaf974af3a9234eb73554dc4cc041ea85bec71d6d67c908a2a/14" data-source="In some situations the reflog may not be able to save you. For example, suppose you delete a branch, then realize you need the history it contained. The reflog is also deleted; however, if you have not yet pruned the repository, then you may still be able to find the lost commits in the dangling objects that &lt;code&gt;git fsck&lt;/code&gt; reports. See &lt;a href=&quot;#dangling-objects&quot;&gt;Dangling objects&lt;/a&gt; for the details." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&fcy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&pcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&scy;. &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&yacy;&lcy;&icy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&acy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &ncy;&iecy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;. &Rcy;&iecy;&fcy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &vcy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&chcy;&icy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&khcy;, &ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;  <code>git fsck</code> . &Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#dangling-objects">Dangling objects</a> .</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-sql">$ git fsck
dangling <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span> <span class="hljs-number">7281251</span>ddd2a61e38657c827739c57015671a6b3
dangling <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span> <span class="hljs-number">2706</span>a059f258c6b245f298dc4ff2ccd30ec21a63
dangling <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span> <span class="hljs-number">13472</span>b7c4b80851a1bc551779171dcb03655e9b5
...</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="a0049e9f85571e5922f353502bdaaedc1e91504a17f23c12ed50d5a0daa276dc/41" data-source="You can examine one of those dangling commits with, for example," onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &icy;&zcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&khcy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&chcy;&icy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-scss">$ gitk <span class="hljs-number">7281251</span>ddd <span class="hljs-attr">--not</span> <span class="hljs-attr">--all</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="78a4e992e30ddb1c02717a16f9a581037c176e057b0241e768d44ae3d22d0bcf/fa" data-source="which does what it sounds like: it says that you want to see the commit history that is described by the dangling commit(s), but not the history that is described by all your existing branches and tags. Thus you get exactly the history reachable from that commit that is lost. (And notice that it might not be just one commit: we only report the &amp;quot;tip of the line&amp;quot; as being dangling, but there might be a whole deep and complex commit history that was dropped.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy;, &ncy;&acy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&khcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;: &ocy;&ncy; &gcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&chcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &acy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;, &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&mcy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy; &icy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;. &Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &tcy;&ucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;. (&Icy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;: &mcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;  &quot;tip of the line&quot;  &vcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;, &ncy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &tscy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&yacy; &gcy;&lcy;&ucy;&bcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy;.)</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="36970f9a3984f1181ecee64dcff0bba81d2e45c056f277a8ca07f33d83936b36/26" data-source="If you decide you want the history back, you can always create a new reference pointing to it, for example, a new branch:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;, &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&iecy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git branch recovered-branch 7281251ddd</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="4d4b2f4df4609300a793125f6aee73f7ca04e45e739d9cd5c4795487c9ab72a4/b3" data-source="Other types of dangling objects (blobs and trees) are also possible, and dangling objects can arise in other situations." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy;&ycy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&chcy;&icy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; (&kcy;&acy;&pcy;&lcy;&icy; &icy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy;), &acy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy; &vcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &scy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy;.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="sharing-development"><span data-i18n="02eced8e16d173c0149f61dfdb91a549207abe16c7e6167313f584a5ebe21569/68" data-source="Sharing development with others" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;&mcy;&scy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &scy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy;</span></h2> <div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="getting-updates-With-git-pull"><span data-i18n="bb21cdd97ddcea1ab3fcc063633b86835d4b53820a0e2db317a96bb86d487eb7/58" data-source="Getting updates with git pull" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  git  pull</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="beb462558eb58692bb4b5483725fb18eba2d566db7a02f97630cac2e8b69b28c/af" data-source="After you clone a repository and commit a few changes of your own, you may wish to check the original repository for updates and merge them into your own work." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;&ycy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &icy; &vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy; &scy;&ocy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&jcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a14bd6014bbd2b5280396f1b77de67855983c8971786d0d4b9962c13cad76f7b/66" data-source="We have already seen &lt;a href=&quot;#Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch&quot;&gt;how to keep remote-tracking branches up to date&lt;/a&gt; with &lt;a href=&quot;git-fetch&quot;&gt;git-fetch[1]&lt;/a&gt;, and how to merge two branches. So you can merge in changes from the original repository&amp;rsquo;s master branch with:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Mcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch">how to keep remote-tracking branches up to date</a>  &scy;  <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch[1]</a>  &icy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&vcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;. &Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git fetch</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git merge origin/master</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="45a7c4226c91c013512a535d511cf1fb6828fa7ce632153f501902b11e99c820/12" data-source="However, the &lt;a href=&quot;git-pull&quot;&gt;git-pull[1]&lt;/a&gt; command provides a way to do this in one step:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull[1]</a>  &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &shcy;&acy;&gcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git pull origin master</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="61bc940b7bbc0a5e2e0783424f59380521dff6d9562f12c5ebaed8742dd3f039/e1" data-source="In fact, if you have &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt; checked out, then this branch has been configured by &lt;code&gt;git clone&lt;/code&gt; to get changes from the HEAD branch of the origin repository. So often you can accomplish the above with just a simple" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Fcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;  <code>master</code> , &tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;  <code>git clone</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; HEAD &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;. &Ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git pull</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="4abe3674156474ff4e8232125a3d290f7d667d8769fd1947e185d8f1a157df2b/0f" data-source="This command will fetch changes from the remote branches to your remote-tracking branches &lt;code&gt;origin/*&lt;/code&gt;, and merge the default branch into the current branch." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy; &vcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  <code>origin/*</code>  &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="d57b996ecfb1041befc219afb9e5eddd31bd213f28bf45939d947e501208cfb8/7a" data-source="More generally, a branch that is created from a remote-tracking branch will pull by default from that branch. See the descriptions of the &lt;code&gt;branch.&amp;lt;name&amp;gt;.remote&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;branch.&amp;lt;name&amp;gt;.merge&lt;/code&gt; options in &lt;a href=&quot;git-config&quot;&gt;git-config[1]&lt;/a&gt;, and the discussion of the &lt;code&gt;--track&lt;/code&gt; option in &lt;a href=&quot;git-checkout&quot;&gt;git-checkout[1]&lt;/a&gt;, to learn how to control these defaults." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&mcy;&ycy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;, &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;, &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;. &Scy;&mcy;. &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&jcy;  <code>branch.&lt;name&gt;.remote</code>  &icy;  <code>branch.&lt;name&gt;.merge</code>  &vcy;  <a href="git-config.html">git-config[1]</a>  &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&scy;&ucy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;  <code>--track</code>  &vcy;  <a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout[1]</a> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a1fe62e93d6c1b6a4c251ea9b43ac8bc50fcb75b6ed9c6944c1d988a4aea2832/f7" data-source="In addition to saving you keystrokes, &lt;code&gt;git pull&lt;/code&gt; also helps you by producing a default commit message documenting the branch and repository that you pulled from." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy; &ecy;&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&icy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&lcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&shcy;,  <code>git pull</code>  &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy;, &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy;, &dcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;, &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="0faa30e0a24578711137bb10232a4eebac1a54d24d73f3e3c09b28b3908a081f/d2" data-source="(But note that no such commit will be created in the case of a &lt;a href=&quot;#fast-forwards&quot;&gt;fast-forward&lt;/a&gt;; instead, your branch will just be updated to point to the latest commit from the upstream branch.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">(&Ncy;&ocy; &ucy;&chcy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#fast-forwards">fast-forward</a>  &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&zcy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;.)</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="dab3517eb2e9ee2f54fa26f1ff8afa00a689d6318fe39b7715d04158b417e44f/ea" data-source="The &lt;code&gt;git pull&lt;/code&gt; command can also be given &lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt; as the &amp;quot;remote&amp;quot; repository, in which case it just merges in a branch from the current repository; so the commands" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;  <code>git pull</code>  &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>.</code>  &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;  &quot;remote&quot; , &icy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &ocy;&ncy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;; &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git pull . branch
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git merge branch</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="24d1221e5bdafe3841fdae43731563f5b41d583d64bb4cd62d69b1aeb2ac6e50/e7" data-source="are roughly equivalent." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ecy;&kcy;&vcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="submitting-patches"><span data-i18n="d9894b8dd2459b7f800be0d1426acadae131a5347ecf1c080b02d2f2dae20c72/fa" data-source="Submitting patches to a project" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&kcy;&acy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="ddcd4f98cb26b7e64cce0bf79adf5d5cc67753ffbbd66f9fe6767c5f3667b69b/1d" data-source="If you just have a few changes, the simplest way to submit them may just be to send them as patches in email:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;, &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy; &mdash; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy; &vcy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy; &ecy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&tcy;&iecy;:</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="4e5a96409080f4e3089f3c03ff6548bad73fd5c6cbcf2bc206f66703ee8d6589/1f" data-source="First, use &lt;a href=&quot;git-format-patch&quot;&gt;git-format-patch[1]&lt;/a&gt;; for example:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;  <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch[1]</a> ; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua">$ git <span class="hljs-built_in">format</span>-patch origin</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="b7125f23c2f18b6e68103add852a2b89633347bc2022050fa051a413c9255c11/30" data-source="will produce a numbered series of files in the current directory, one for each patch in the current branch but not in &lt;code&gt;origin/HEAD&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy;, &pcy;&ocy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&acy; &vcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &vcy;  <code>origin/HEAD</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="2f2aa3a141f3b4cfb194429e3f8937654aca5144a600e762105db6f664f50c69/e9" data-source="&lt;code&gt;git format-patch&lt;/code&gt; can include an initial &amp;quot;cover letter&amp;quot;. You can insert commentary on individual patches after the three dash line which &lt;code&gt;format-patch&lt;/code&gt; places after the commit message but before the patch itself. If you use &lt;code&gt;git notes&lt;/code&gt; to track your cover letter material, &lt;code&gt;git format-patch --notes&lt;/code&gt; will include the commit&amp;rsquo;s notes in a similar manner." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><code>git format-patch</code>  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy; &scy;&iecy;&bcy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy;  &quot;cover letter&quot; . &Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&acy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy; &pcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy;  <code>format-patch</code>  &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;&mcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy;. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>git notes</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &mcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy;&mcy;&acy;,  <code>git format-patch --notes</code>  &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy; &acy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="ec2ac0b7d53869b7454e9c22e7b7f13b39e2554a0c061df9e1ef80dc3dd5de44/76" data-source="You can then import these into your mail client and send them by hand. However, if you have a lot to send at once, you may prefer to use the &lt;a href=&quot;git-send-email&quot;&gt;git-send-email[1]&lt;/a&gt; script to automate the process. Consult the mailing list for your project first to determine their requirements for submitting patches." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy; &vcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&lcy;&icy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &icy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&rcy;&ucy;&chcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy;. &Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;  <a href="git-send-email.html">git-send-email[1]</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&zcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&acy;. &Scy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &kcy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&kcy;&ucy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&kcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="importing-patches"><span data-i18n="820c1acc1cb9683ac28d59f60365e9bd1d4aed33c260ece608c20185811a1507/df" data-source="Importing patches to a project" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&mcy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="8da70d567fcc0cee2118b0002749bab48b733493bd02dde9685a0cd299df3226/6e" data-source="Git also provides a tool called &lt;a href=&quot;git-am&quot;&gt;git-am[1]&lt;/a&gt; (am stands for &amp;quot;apply mailbox&amp;quot;), for importing such an emailed series of patches. Just save all of the patch-containing messages, in order, into a single mailbox file, say &lt;code&gt;patches.mbox&lt;/code&gt;, then run" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git  &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;  <a href="git-am.html">git-am[1]</a>  (am &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;  &quot;apply mailbox&quot; ) &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &icy;&mcy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy;&acy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;, &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy; &ecy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&tcy;&iecy;. &Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;, &pcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &vcy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;, &scy;&kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&mcy;,  <code>patches.mbox</code> , &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git am -<span class="hljs-number">3</span> patches.mbox</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="970de8dd949b15a17647fe097a8995af600b4af2ce6fe263b4eedbf16fde77e5/93" data-source="Git will apply each patch in order; if any conflicts are found, it will stop, and you can fix the conflicts as described in &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;#resolving-a-merge&quot;&gt;Resolving a merge&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;. (The &lt;code&gt;-3&lt;/code&gt; option tells Git to perform a merge; if you would prefer it just to abort and leave your tree and index untouched, you may omit that option.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git  &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&kcy;&ucy;; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;, &ocy;&ncy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;, &icy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;  &quot;  <a href="user-manual.html#resolving-a-merge">Resolving a merge</a>  &quot; . (&Ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;  <code>-3</code>  &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;  Git  &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &icy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &icy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &ncy;&iecy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ucy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;.)</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="2464407609b74b3abd26958c88277d90731585fecfb6f2994dc47e608031a855/06" data-source="Once the index is updated with the results of the conflict resolution, instead of creating a new commit, just run" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy; &scy; &ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-kotlin">$ git am --<span class="hljs-keyword">continue</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="bbbdcf42633377e0401745a071aa33bfb3dccbcce52ea5cdae284197f7026952/9f" data-source="and Git will create the commit for you and continue applying the remaining patches from the mailbox." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy;  Git  &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&shcy;&icy;&iecy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy; &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="4af992ef3dfa9bf59240205195c43212417ed89749b862a512d025ed54e63fc1/5c" data-source="The final result will be a series of commits, one for each patch in the original mailbox, with authorship and commit log message each taken from the message containing each patch." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &pcy;&ocy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&acy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&mcy; &yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&kcy;&iecy;, &scy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy; &icy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &zhcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&zcy;&yacy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="public-repositories"><span data-i18n="7bc2f374a09d1d0a011347e0797e235dd72e67455b0340d68ba602edfb4e5929/9b" data-source="Public Git repositories" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;  Public   Git</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="68de7c9efcf07b1f34fde0bd7f57d8a6adf34e195cabafa63ab3cba896d94f0f/c3" data-source="Another way to submit changes to a project is to tell the maintainer of that project to pull the changes from your repository using &lt;a href=&quot;git-pull&quot;&gt;git-pull[1]&lt;/a&gt;. In the section &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;#getting-updates-With-git-pull&quot;&gt;Getting updates with &lt;code&gt;git pull&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; we described this as a way to get updates from the &amp;quot;main&amp;quot; repository, but it works just as well in the other direction." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &mdash; &pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull[1]</a> . &Vcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;  &quot;  <a href="user-manual.html#getting-updates-With-git-pull">Getting updates with <code>git pull</code></a>  &quot;  &mcy;&ycy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;  &quot;main&quot; , &ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy; &vcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ucy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="d38f3359236e362bca8920215e2efa2a187953f068f20c6a3cadaa417006795a/76" data-source="If you and the maintainer both have accounts on the same machine, then you can just pull changes from each other&amp;rsquo;s repositories directly; commands that accept repository URLs as arguments will also accept a local directory name:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &icy; &ucy; &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&pcy;&softcy;&yucy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&yacy;&mcy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&zcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&vcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&acy;; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; URL-&acy;&dcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &acy;&rcy;&gcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">clone</span> /path/to/repository</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git pull /path/to/other/repository</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="bb02138b45d8da9fb8acfb1af9e6fd6c052fed5c5aefc4220790eb12d8ebed4c/1d" data-source="or an ssh URL:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy;&lcy;&icy; URL-&acy;&dcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy; ssh:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">clone</span> ssh://yourhost/~you/repository</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="8e046eddea6796be7c79c6bae00a0401370cfc6f926ff4943df29f80115ff5dc/1a" data-source="For projects with few developers, or for synchronizing a few private repositories, this may be all you need." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &scy; &ncy;&iecy;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&icy;&ncy;&khcy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&zcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&vcy;  private  &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="3fc84c4d376c9213cb2b2605122efba9cd424ca34353ee345b9cb564a63d58f9/5a" data-source="However, the more common way to do this is to maintain a separate public repository (usually on a different host) for others to pull changes from. This is usually more convenient, and allows you to cleanly separate private work in progress from publicly visible work." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mdash; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;  public  (&ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy; &khcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;), &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;. &Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &chcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ucy;  private  &ocy;&tcy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ycy;  public .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="582ceb0fae5e582052b37ffecdeaf86db5718ea876ac6506f84e44f2c2d325e2/56" data-source="You will continue to do your day-to-day work in your personal repository, but periodically &amp;quot;push&amp;quot; changes from your personal repository into your public repository, allowing other developers to pull from that repository. So the flow of changes, in a situation where there is one other developer with a public repository, looks like this:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&yucy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&scy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&vcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ucy; &vcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&mcy; &lcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;  &quot;push&quot;  &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &lcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;  public , &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&yacy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;. &Icy;&tcy;&acy;&kcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &vcy; &scy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy; &scy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;  public , &vcy;&ycy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-cpp">                      you push
your personal repo ------------------&gt; your <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> repo
      ^                                     |
      |                                     |
      | you pull                            | they pull
      |                                     |
      |                                     |
      |               they push             V
their <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> repo &lt;------------------- their repo</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="fd3ae0152d9571e5948cbd8eb3ce4096ecca5776029a16adfbce82e9d9faa231/4c" data-source="We explain how to do this in the following sections." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Mcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &vcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&khcy;.</span></p> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="setting-up-a-public-repository"><span data-i18n="09a5f05d16beffac35d8ac55b518b35584de4e9296713c6c42b1ffca60ea58d4/03" data-source="Setting up a public repository" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;&kcy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;  public</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="d4f3edc0507aad7be337b1126258c34feb6c52171ec389aeaad8d433c499d524/4d" data-source="Assume your personal repository is in the directory &lt;code&gt;~/proj&lt;/code&gt;. We first create a new clone of the repository and tell &lt;code&gt;git daemon&lt;/code&gt; that it is meant to be public:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &vcy;&acy;&shcy; &lcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy;  <code>~/proj</code> . &Scy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &mcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &icy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>git daemon</code> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy; &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">clone</span> --bare ~/proj proj.git</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">touch</span> proj.git/git-daemon-export-ok</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="aa5437b121546fa87544cdc616de77d96da75d3fe4c781d4a82162a704a4ffa7/eb" data-source="The resulting directory proj.git contains a &amp;quot;bare&amp;quot; git repository&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;it is just the contents of the &lt;code&gt;.git&lt;/code&gt; directory, without any files checked out around it." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy; proj.  git  &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;  &quot;bare&quot;   git  &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;  <code>.git</code> , &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&ocy;&kcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy; &ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="b3ee944aaff9c4b9c144d362f1b564f3413e1921c142318dad93c36d01886656/0b" data-source="Next, copy &lt;code&gt;proj.git&lt;/code&gt; to the server where you plan to host the public repository. You can use scp, rsync, or whatever is most convenient." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>proj.git</code>  &ncy;&acy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&lcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;  public . &Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; scp, rsync &icy;&lcy;&icy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ucy;&dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="exporting-via-git"><span data-i18n="2b59f6998e74d20d37e5cd631b96fdb8a3d716aa5ba51dbbef1c02369f81457b/25" data-source="Exporting a Git repository via the Git protocol" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&kcy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;  Git  &pcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;  Git</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="cefd08c446fa4e2aaae60f8f081313aa1f8d128cd29562459b524b86eb748784/ca" data-source="This is the preferred method." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&dcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="f4fb9e09366fe7434dd7c39b51ce45223bf17f02d8d2de1fd1cfa511edcfae42/7d" data-source="If someone else administers the server, they should tell you what directory to put the repository in, and what &lt;code&gt;git://&lt;/code&gt; URL it will appear at. You can then skip to the section &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;#pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository&quot;&gt;Pushing changes to a public repository&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;, below." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy; &acy;&dcy;&mcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &kcy;&tcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy;, &ocy;&ncy; &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy;, &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; URL-&acy;&dcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&ucy;  <code>git://</code>  &ocy;&ncy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy;. &Zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &kcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&ucy;  &quot;  <a href="user-manual.html#pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository">Pushing changes to a public repository</a>  &quot;  &ncy;&icy;&zhcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="98c18e3194771f33f0ce4af7138264735f8bb288590c9ea3ca785c9b6c568fde/d9" data-source="Otherwise, all you need to do is start &lt;a href=&quot;git-daemon&quot;&gt;git-daemon[1]&lt;/a&gt;; it will listen on port 9418. By default, it will allow access to any directory that looks like a Git directory and contains the magic file git-daemon-export-ok. Passing some directory paths as &lt;code&gt;git daemon&lt;/code&gt; arguments will further restrict the exports to those paths." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="git-daemon.html">git-daemon[1]</a> ; &ocy;&ncy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&ucy;&shcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy; 9418. &Pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy;&ncy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy; &kcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;  Git  &icy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&shcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; git-daemon-export-ok. &Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&chcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&jcy; &kcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;&mcy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &acy;&rcy;&gcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;  <code>git daemon</code>  &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy; &ecy;&kcy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="65ae98592594107cfb0548ac4797cefe639e24289d8168fa697fc5339fcf46b3/68" data-source="You can also run &lt;code&gt;git daemon&lt;/code&gt; as an inetd service; see the &lt;a href=&quot;git-daemon&quot;&gt;git-daemon[1]&lt;/a&gt; man page for details. (See especially the examples section.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>git daemon</code>  &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&zhcy;&bcy;&ucy; inetd; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&mcy;. &ncy;&acy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&iecy; &rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy;  <a href="git-daemon.html">git-daemon[1]</a> . (&Ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;.)</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="exporting-via-http"><span data-i18n="22b4fd1dc4f55f92e69983a79e9d3cb3265b9163219cb7cafe7666ba28e4cfba/5b" data-source="Exporting a git repository via HTTP" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&kcy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;  git  &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy; HTTP</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="fe3d908b84813023726b9be16d162fb1a8b87fc99c42ed611c9dad856dc13425/b7" data-source="The Git protocol gives better performance and reliability, but on a host with a web server set up, HTTP exports may be simpler to set up." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;  Git  &ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&shcy;&ucy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy; &ncy;&acy;&dcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &khcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &vcy;&iecy;&bcy;-&scy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ecy;&kcy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy; HTTP &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="80002670d9ab6a598811f06e623f481f44a339dcd9bb42618538f0ac3f9be72b/a2" data-source="All you need to do is place the newly created bare Git repository in a directory that is exported by the web server, and make some adjustments to give web clients some extra information they need:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&scy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &chcy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;  Git  &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;, &ecy;&kcy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&bcy;-&scy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &icy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&bcy;-&kcy;&lcy;&icy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&acy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">mv</span> proj.git /home/you/public_html/proj.git</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> proj.git</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git --bare update-server-info</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">mv</span> hooks/post-update.sample hooks/post-update</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="ab2b872c20734b260107517c37ed45202c2c12335a309c9cef184437283c744c/63" data-source="(For an explanation of the last two lines, see &lt;a href=&quot;git-update-server-info&quot;&gt;git-update-server-info[1]&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;githooks&quot;&gt;githooks[5]&lt;/a&gt;.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">(&Pcy;&ocy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&mcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy;  <a href="git-update-server-info.html">git-update-server-info[1]</a>  &icy;  <a href="githooks.html">githooks[5]</a> .)</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="8f5447acd34584d3eabbefbb9a45f07375f58d3dc3cef30eed155069bef335ea/0d" data-source="Advertise the URL of &lt;code&gt;proj.git&lt;/code&gt;. Anybody else should then be able to clone or pull from that URL, for example with a command line like:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; URL-&acy;&dcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;  <code>proj.git</code> . &Tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; URL-&acy;&dcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&icy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">clone</span> http://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="224b2f923d26c2aab125cfc8d16f685d826e8008a2e6fe93f5b829e4cffaddec/2c" data-source="(See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://git-scm.com/docs/howto/setup-git-server-over-http&quot;&gt;setup-git-server-over-http&lt;/a&gt; for a slightly more sophisticated setup using WebDAV which also allows pushing over HTTP.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">(&Scy;&mcy;. &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy;  <a href="https://git-scm.com/docs/howto/setup-git-server-over-http">setup-git-server-over-http</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; WebDAV, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy; HTTP.)</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository"><span data-i18n="3642418917c18920a2cb1a4fa3828df2177c8141a243c4ee4a5c610d742e60c3/aa" data-source="Pushing changes to a public repository" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&kcy;&acy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;  public</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="1ed6b80955bde1c17fba544fd2864fbd5391a62c113238684c182af72b26f706/15" data-source="Note that the two techniques outlined above (exporting via &lt;a href=&quot;#exporting-via-http&quot;&gt;http&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;#exporting-via-git&quot;&gt;git&lt;/a&gt;) allow other maintainers to fetch your latest changes, but they do not allow write access, which you will need to update the public repository with the latest changes created in your private repository." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&vcy;&acy; &mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&dcy;&acy;, &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; (&ecy;&kcy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#exporting-via-http">http</a>  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#exporting-via-git">git</a> ), &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&acy;&dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;  public  &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;, &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;  private .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a88048250a3dfccb6a62583127b57cb337edcaf3a626ed7335d9ee96ecd09fc6/04" data-source="The simplest way to do this is using &lt;a href=&quot;git-push&quot;&gt;git-push[1]&lt;/a&gt; and ssh; to update the remote branch named &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt; with the latest state of your branch named &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt;, run" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mdash; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="git-push.html">git-push[1]</a>  &icy; ssh; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>master</code>  &dcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>master</code> , &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git push ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git master:master</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="d9c2ed7cb63d469933e02ec22b4e40b4612d89e2398f600cc8d892c80088be81/2e" data-source="or just" onmousemove="i18n(this)">or just</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git push ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git master</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="33089e1f6e403b4f990e3d7f31f651287ff8f5349e52d231b604be9188e7b683/29" data-source="As with &lt;code&gt;git fetch&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;git push&lt;/code&gt; will complain if this does not result in a &lt;a href=&quot;#fast-forwards&quot;&gt;fast-forward&lt;/a&gt;; see the following section for details on handling this case." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &vcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &scy;  <code>git fetch</code> ,  <code>git push</code>  &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &zhcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &kcy; &pcy;&ocy;&yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy;  <a href="user-manual.html#fast-forwards">fast-forward</a> ; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="fac88044843872afe6f95215380e92cdcd4115709817be81700fae204df3f5d4/e9" data-source="Note that the target of a &lt;code&gt;push&lt;/code&gt; is normally a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_bare_repository&quot;&gt;bare&lt;/a&gt; repository. You can also push to a repository that has a checked-out working tree, but a push to update the currently checked-out branch is denied by default to prevent confusion. See the description of the receive.denyCurrentBranch option in &lt;a href=&quot;git-config&quot;&gt;git-config[1]&lt;/a&gt; for details." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &tscy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <code>push</code>  &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_bare_repository">bare</a> . &Vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;, &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;, &ncy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy;&bcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&ycy;. &Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.denyCurrentBranch &vcy;  <a href="git-config.html">git-config[1]</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="b86e0fa25e91ad004a86bb3f3fa38fe2d15df8b0aeccfd1c96bd79975ab6bc01/9a" data-source="As with &lt;code&gt;git fetch&lt;/code&gt;, you may also set up configuration options to save typing; so, for example:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &vcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &scy;  <code>git fetch</code> , &vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&rcy;&ycy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&icy;&gcy;&ucy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ncy;&iecy; &vcy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&tcy;; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-csharp">$ git remote <span class="hljs-keyword">add</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span>-repo ssh:<span class="hljs-comment">//yourserver.com/~you/proj.git</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="d0e5a3e9cad7c406e71c159e10a9369c41dea9e4a7401cd418267e2e5286f634/ad" data-source="adds the following to &lt;code&gt;.git/config&lt;/code&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;  <code>.git/config</code>  &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby">[remote <span class="hljs-string">&quot;public-repo&quot;</span>]
        url = yourserver.<span class="hljs-symbol">com:</span>proj.git
        fetch = +refs/heads/*<span class="hljs-symbol">:refs/remotes/example/*</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="9474e948d67daea6ace764e9cb8d1acc864e231ccd284745842f11b0bbb9deb2/da" data-source="which lets you do the same push with just" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy; &zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git push <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span>-repo master</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="afa54007d722273b7bcb7f416c3d9526a5cd2fbd7bb30a647d9a46891527f115/b1" data-source="See the explanations of the &lt;code&gt;remote.&amp;lt;name&amp;gt;.url&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;branch.&amp;lt;name&amp;gt;.remote&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;remote.&amp;lt;name&amp;gt;.push&lt;/code&gt; options in &lt;a href=&quot;git-config&quot;&gt;git-config[1]&lt;/a&gt; for details." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy; &pcy;&ocy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy; &kcy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;  <code>remote.&lt;name&gt;.url</code> ,  <code>branch.&lt;name&gt;.remote</code>  &icy;  <code>remote.&lt;name&gt;.push</code>  &vcy;  <a href="git-config.html">git-config[1]</a> .</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="forcing-push"><span data-i18n="1393af630c1ad0013e90ebc6fecf3a8b348f803b59bb5e60b0ce3ad42f914897/9b" data-source="What to do when a push fails" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&ocy;&kcy; &ncy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&scy;&yacy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="e06b40f1ff86b35ce451487ec880460d75e1ba74b29109b82ee0932837999589/eb" data-source="If a push would not result in a &lt;a href=&quot;#fast-forwards&quot;&gt;fast-forward&lt;/a&gt; of the remote branch, then it will fail with an error like:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &kcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy;  <a href="user-manual.html#fast-forwards">fast-forward</a>  &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &ocy;&ncy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-vbnet"> ! [rejected]        master -&gt; master (non-fast-forward)
<span class="hljs-symbol">error:</span> failed <span class="hljs-keyword">to</span> push some refs <span class="hljs-keyword">to</span> <span class="hljs-comment">&apos;...&apos;</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol">hint:</span> Updates were rejected because the tip <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> your current branch <span class="hljs-built_in">is</span> behind
<span class="hljs-symbol">hint:</span> its remote counterpart. Integrate the remote changes (e.g.
<span class="hljs-symbol">hint:</span> <span class="hljs-comment" title="&apos;git pull ...&apos;) before pushing again.">&apos;git pull...&apos;), &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ncy;&acy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;.</span>
<span class="hljs-symbol">hint:</span> See the <span class="hljs-comment" title="&apos;Note about fast-forwards&apos; in &apos;git push --help&apos; for details.">&Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy; &laquo;&Pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy; &vcy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&raquo; &vcy; &laquo;git push --help&raquo;.</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="a71ea52ecfca997b2dc08405011e7921bc069ca38923f408e06e2ee35475c530/7d" data-source="This can happen, for example, if you:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&ocy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy;:</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="4024d4d54f86b30663757cecd2cb6a17264073149e62480c25775687c66f62b2/1a" data-source="use &lt;code&gt;git reset --hard&lt;/code&gt; to remove already-published commits, or" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>git reset --hard</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy;</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="afc6ae658c89425ce350d43a1faa11ee480c8089cde2fcb24cf975cc0e06b012/ce" data-source="use &lt;code&gt;git commit --amend&lt;/code&gt; to replace already-published commits (as in &lt;a href=&quot;#fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history&quot;&gt;Fixing a mistake by rewriting history&lt;/a&gt;), or" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>git commit --amend</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy; &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; (&kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history">Fixing a mistake by rewriting history</a> ) &icy;&lcy;&icy;</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="7d27720267ae8e2ef816df2322724ddc21f282a2bf7bf1a33b0aca9e8f89e063/a7" data-source="use &lt;code&gt;git rebase&lt;/code&gt; to rebase any already-published commits (as in &lt;a href=&quot;#using-git-rebase&quot;&gt;Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase&lt;/a&gt;)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>git rebase</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ycy;&khcy; &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; (&kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#using-git-rebase">Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase</a>  ).</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> <p><span data-i18n="e1b08c36c7cb0e1f25786c96e37841df016a804ff7b624ef5a2d85bdaca79723/38" data-source="You may force &lt;code&gt;git push&lt;/code&gt; to perform the update anyway by preceding the branch name with a plus sign:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>git push</code>  &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&vcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy; &pcy;&lcy;&yucy;&scy;&acy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git push ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git +master</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="d957638877e0fe47cefc9aec05a5f64eea30abbb38d8189492fbe6e9087e8677/be" data-source="Note the addition of the &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; sign. Alternatively, you can use the &lt;code&gt;-f&lt;/code&gt; flag to force the remote update, as in:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&acy;  <code>+</code> . &Acy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&lcy;&acy;&gcy;  <code>-f</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git push -f ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git master</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="3bf82f19276679f72922d94255df0f992f1cd629e091ada501ef12fb8a18bd91/4f" data-source="Normally whenever a branch head in a public repository is modified, it is modified to point to a descendant of the commit that it pointed to before. By forcing a push in this situation, you break that convention. (See &lt;a href=&quot;#problems-With-rewriting-history&quot;&gt;Problems with rewriting history&lt;/a&gt;.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&scy;&yacy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&kcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;  public , &ocy;&ncy; &mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&tscy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&kcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&ncy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy; &rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy;. &Pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&yacy; &kcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&kcy;&ucy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &vcy;&ycy; &ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&shcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;. (&Scy;&mcy;.  <a href="user-manual.html#problems-With-rewriting-history">Problems with rewriting history</a> .)</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="22c5bf6aca4a757e0312d9fd6d8872b6830b6e0c7df7c5a859946826ef504ddc/88" data-source="Nevertheless, this is a common practice for people that need a simple way to publish a work-in-progress patch series, and it is an acceptable compromise as long as you warn other developers that this is how you intend to manage the branch." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ncy;&iecy; &mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy;, &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &lcy;&yucy;&dcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &pcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&dcy;&icy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;&icy;&scy;&scy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&icy;&rcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="69f7033f6f1786a71b80a6cf2f129d27440403e97d75a054dcbe48c144232325/23" data-source="It&amp;rsquo;s also possible for a push to fail in this way when other people have the right to push to the same repository. In that case, the correct solution is to retry the push after first updating your work: either by a pull, or by a fetch followed by a rebase; see the &lt;a href=&quot;#setting-up-a-shared-repository&quot;&gt;next section&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;gitcvs-migration&quot;&gt;gitcvs-migration[7]&lt;/a&gt; for more." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&acy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&kcy;&iecy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &lcy;&yucy;&dcy;&icy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy; &tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;. &Vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &mdash; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ycy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ycy;: &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#setting-up-a-shared-repository">next section</a>  &icy;  <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration[7]</a> .</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="setting-up-a-shared-repository"><span data-i18n="1cba223557a9bfee3213bc6dd0348b763232458d6862e2e420a09c4dfc87257a/02" data-source="Setting up a shared repository" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;&kcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="b9cc86634ab1611f354ab53d4a7a4b41fc8cd90e611a47db55d37dc243f1863e/3c" data-source="Another way to collaborate is by using a model similar to that commonly used in CVS, where several developers with special rights all push to and pull from a single shared repository. See &lt;a href=&quot;gitcvs-migration&quot;&gt;gitcvs-migration[7]&lt;/a&gt; for instructions on how to set this up." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &scy;&ocy;&vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ycy; &mdash; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;, &acy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &tcy;&ocy;&jcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; CVS, &gcy;&dcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy; &scy; &ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &icy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;. &Icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;&kcy;&iecy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy;  <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration[7]</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="4bd9aa5518d35d704bf71224fc404720fd0478766eed127b60e3db8a15f51efc/26" data-source="However, while there is nothing wrong with Git&amp;rsquo;s support for shared repositories, this mode of operation is not generally recommended, simply because the mode of collaboration that Git supports&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;by exchanging patches and pulling from public repositories&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;has so many advantages over the central shared repository:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;, &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&yacy; &vcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&kcy;&iecy;  Git  &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&vcy; &ncy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&lcy;&ocy;&khcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ycy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;  Git  &mdash; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy; &icy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&vcy;  public  &mdash; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&icy;&mcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;. &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy; &tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;:</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="7c5fbc4c139f7504fcefd682e282eb2dbc1d496fd30a98f6e41b696599cdbd9b/48" data-source="Git&amp;rsquo;s ability to quickly import and merge patches allows a single maintainer to process incoming changes even at very high rates. And when that becomes too much, &lt;code&gt;git pull&lt;/code&gt; provides an easy way for that maintainer to delegate this job to other maintainers while still allowing optional review of incoming changes." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; Git &bcy;&ycy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&acy;&tcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy; &scy; &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy; &vcy;&ycy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;&yucy;. &Acy; &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&shcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;,  <code>git pull</code>  &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy; &pcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&gcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ucy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ucy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy;, &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="f7cd3aff8ff37019e744003989f97be78672ff592e0058b3a875d25b6cfcb391/43" data-source="Since every developer&amp;rsquo;s repository has the same complete copy of the project history, no repository is special, and it is trivial for another developer to take over maintenance of a project, either by mutual agreement, or because a maintainer becomes unresponsive or difficult to work with." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy; &icy; &tcy;&ucy; &zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&yucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &ncy;&icy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;, &icy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy; &lcy;&iecy;&gcy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy;&zcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&iecy;&bcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&scy;&lcy;&ucy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy; &vcy;&zcy;&acy;&icy;&mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &scy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&acy;&scy;&icy;&yucy;, &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&ycy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &scy; &ncy;&icy;&mcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;. .</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="a6fd14bd8136fd43c38662fa563dbf050949852440852baf77790b4b854bffb1/bf" data-source="The lack of a central group of &amp;quot;committers&amp;quot; means there is less need for formal decisions about who is &amp;quot;in&amp;quot; and who is &amp;quot;out&amp;quot;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&iecy; &tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &gcy;&rcy;&ucy;&pcy;&pcy;&ycy;  &quot;committers&quot;  &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &vcy; &fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy; &ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &kcy;&tcy;&ocy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  &quot;in&quot; , &acy; &kcy;&tcy;&ocy;  &quot;out&quot; .</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="setting-up-gitweb"><span data-i18n="bd7d5c5391558645da7fdc7b8b8c74c5ac2685f20d79f4d53555b7bb04455634/3c" data-source="Allowing web browsing of a repository" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&bcy;-&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="2ea6c3cb0b3676b8d0597c8a3ab8d1f4c81a12c096aa071783eef1cefff3d409/fd" data-source="The gitweb cgi script provides users an easy way to browse your project&amp;rsquo;s revisions, file contents and logs without having to install Git. Features like RSS/Atom feeds and blame/annotation details may optionally be enabled." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&kcy;&rcy;&icy;&pcy;&tcy; gitweb cgi &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy; &zhcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&ycy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; Git. &Pcy;&rcy;&icy; &zhcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &kcy;&acy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&ycy; RSS/Atom &icy; &scy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy; &ocy;&bcy;&vcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy;/&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="5e5cdca2e24db7d86bd6cd5e5ec8d086e3eb8489b17becf755c34818a3d04b07/56" data-source="The &lt;a href=&quot;git-instaweb&quot;&gt;git-instaweb[1]&lt;/a&gt; command provides a simple way to start browsing the repository using gitweb. The default server when using instaweb is lighttpd." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-instaweb.html">git-instaweb[1]</a>  &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; gitweb. &Scy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; instaweb &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; Lighttpd.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="6541af806815428ae0c4a63df2adb48cc7d07701ef145f874f5c66b0a7e88b17/cf" data-source="See the file gitweb/INSTALL in the Git source tree and &lt;a href=&quot;gitweb&quot;&gt;gitweb[1]&lt;/a&gt; for instructions on details setting up a permanent installation with a CGI or Perl capable server." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&mcy;. &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; gitweb/INSTALL &vcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&dcy;&acy;  Git  &icy;  <a href="gitweb.html">gitweb[1]</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;&kcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; CGI &icy;&lcy;&icy; Perl.</span></p> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="how-to-get-a-git-repository-with-minimal-history"><span data-i18n="3c185924c284e7eb798777187ced919e1ff7ba24d414f6c8e950632589091c2c/fb" data-source="How to get a Git repository with minimal history" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;  Git  &scy; &mcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="a969b9057051b3e8d9a3acb418b0210a8d5136d08cf8566193af046df705311a/4b" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_shallow_clone&quot;&gt;shallow clone&lt;/a&gt;, with its truncated history, is useful when one is interested only in recent history of a project and getting full history from the upstream is expensive." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_shallow_clone">shallow clone</a>  &scy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&scy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&iecy;&ncy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&yacy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &acy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &icy;&zcy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;.</span></p> <p> <span data-i18n="42ffee828ac26aa1da5d9ca2c3c3ffab768eefd82ba2264e4cbaac6cc8ea6703/f5" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_shallow_clone&quot;&gt;shallow clone&lt;/a&gt; is created by specifying the &lt;a href=&quot;git-clone&quot;&gt;git-clone[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;code&gt;--depth&lt;/code&gt; switch. The depth can later be changed with the &lt;a href=&quot;git-fetch&quot;&gt;git-fetch[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;code&gt;--depth&lt;/code&gt; switch, or full history restored with &lt;code&gt;--unshallow&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_shallow_clone">shallow clone</a>  &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;  <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone[1]</a> <code>--depth</code> . &Gcy;&lcy;&ucy;&bcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;  <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch[1]</a> <code>--depth</code>  &icy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <code>--unshallow</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="079c91d842f3a368be670b070be2d6c38f37366599a109336b02e6facf63a14b/f2" data-source="Merging inside a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_shallow_clone&quot;&gt;shallow clone&lt;/a&gt; will work as long as a merge base is in the recent history. Otherwise, it will be like merging unrelated histories and may have to result in huge conflicts. This limitation may make such a repository unsuitable to be used in merge based workflows." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_shallow_clone">shallow clone</a>  &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;. &Vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&khcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy; &scy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &icy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &kcy; &ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&iecy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&gcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&acy;&khcy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="sharing-development-examples"><span data-i18n="e68ee04dff59551b7d1ae07a2f8a00dc61d841628948da3d2781630706a05e92/38" data-source="Examples" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Examples</span></h3> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="maintaining-topic-branches"><span data-i18n="4d36c198be8cd359cc92321ef082f6499b852d7a22b5e27a3f5114ef6d918a09/80" data-source="Maintaining topic branches for a Linux subsystem maintainer" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy; Linux.</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="5fd7a4172d3fdde55632ccd77986ad7f402477a5b9b584e3c6e2cbc2f36ea99f/83" data-source="This describes how Tony Luck uses Git in his role as maintainer of the IA64 architecture for the Linux kernel." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &Tcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy; &Lcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;  Git  &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ycy; IA64 &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &yacy;&dcy;&rcy;&acy; Linux.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="af112d5cb956b81c5e8a88e8ce37edabc682849851cbb742df8acd0152efdbf8/54" data-source="He uses two public branches:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&ncy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&vcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;  public :</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="954c4f7a61b22b88ea4f6db9660ace08378bd351c5dd7d3bf1f1dba57f8845c4/cf" data-source="A &amp;quot;test&amp;quot; tree into which patches are initially placed so that they can get some exposure when integrated with other ongoing development. This tree is available to Andrew for pulling into -mm whenever he wants." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;  &quot;test&quot; , &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &scy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ocy; &Ecy;&ncy;&dcy;&rcy;&yucy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&acy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; -mm, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ocy;&ncy; &zcy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&tcy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="43cc36d0e52307f338c15982c4e67a6f9d5cd89ef0937bc22780edb97dbc8057/08" data-source="A &amp;quot;release&amp;quot; tree into which tested patches are moved for final sanity checking, and as a vehicle to send them upstream to Linus (by sending him a &amp;quot;please pull&amp;quot; request.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;  &quot;release&quot; , &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &icy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &scy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy; &icy;&khcy; &Lcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&scy;&ucy; (&pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy; &iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&acy;  &quot;please pull&quot; ).</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> <p><span data-i18n="a789f2d85a1e6cdda1e10b5d3beea453d4a370519e1973aa5b4166cfad4a8030/c4" data-source="He also uses a set of temporary branches (&amp;quot;topic branches&amp;quot;), each containing a logical grouping of patches." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&ncy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy; ( &quot;topic branches&quot; ), &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ucy;&yucy; &gcy;&rcy;&ucy;&pcy;&pcy;&ucy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="0a55c14e92bf67f3375e3b1818788f46ddeded49bad5ef6997be57f217a22b01/bc" data-source="To set this up, first create your work tree by cloning Linus&amp;rsquo;s public tree:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;, &scy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;, &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&vcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &Lcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&scy;&acy;  public :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git clone <span class="hljs-symbol">git:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/git.kernel.org/pub</span><span class="hljs-regexp">/scm/linux</span><span class="hljs-regexp">/kernel/git</span><span class="hljs-regexp">/torvalds/linux</span>.git work
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>cd work</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="87c642f215fae8269580bf65134e5604c793201cf383d7b1b91715a3e1972fbe/93" data-source="Linus&amp;rsquo;s tree will be stored in the remote-tracking branch named origin/master, and can be updated using &lt;a href=&quot;git-fetch&quot;&gt;git-fetch[1]&lt;/a&gt;; you can track other public trees using &lt;a href=&quot;git-remote&quot;&gt;git-remote[1]&lt;/a&gt; to set up a &amp;quot;remote&amp;quot; and &lt;a href=&quot;git-fetch&quot;&gt;git-fetch[1]&lt;/a&gt; to keep them up to date; see &lt;a href=&quot;#repositories-and-branches&quot;&gt;Repositories and Branches&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &Lcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&scy;&acy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; origin/master &icy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch[1]</a>  ; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy;  public , &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yacy;  <a href="git-remote.html">git-remote[1]</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;&kcy;&icy;  &quot;remote&quot;  &icy;  <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch[1]</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&khcy; &vcy; &acy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&icy;; &scy;&mcy;.  <a href="user-manual.html#repositories-and-branches">Repositories and Branches</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="775c09f9c6640d2c9a8d01500dddb9326de37cf581fa0361eda968db0d175b36/60" data-source="Now create the branches in which you are going to work; these start out at the current tip of origin/master branch, and should be set up (using the &lt;code&gt;--track&lt;/code&gt; option to &lt;a href=&quot;git-branch&quot;&gt;git-branch[1]&lt;/a&gt;) to merge changes in from Linus by default." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&icy;&rcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&icy;&ncy;&ycy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; origin/master &icy; &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy; (&scy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;  <code>--track</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy;  <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch[1]</a>  ), &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; Linus.</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git branch --track <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span> origin/master</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git branch --track release origin/master</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="faa005a0d8c0dfd20b89b99aab32ebaad08c19c4b6900d88525e5fedd15f7d8e/2b" data-source="These can be easily kept up to date using &lt;a href=&quot;git-pull&quot;&gt;git-pull[1]&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&khcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &lcy;&iecy;&gcy;&kcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy; &acy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull[1]</a> .</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git switch <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span> &amp;&amp; git pull</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git switch release &amp;&amp; git pull</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="e74947c4fec2963ccb9d79d9e5a721e37ecd8a77eafa886b6a9efdd51f73c4c4/5a" data-source="Important note! If you have any local changes in these branches, then this merge will create a commit object in the history (with no local changes Git will simply do a &amp;quot;fast-forward&amp;quot; merge). Many people dislike the &amp;quot;noise&amp;quot; that this creates in the Linux history, so you should avoid doing this capriciously in the &lt;code&gt;release&lt;/code&gt; branch, as these noisy commits will become part of the permanent history when you ask Linus to pull from the release branch." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&acy;&zhcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;! &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;&khcy;, &tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; (&bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;  Git  &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;  &quot;fast-forward&quot; ). &Mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy; &lcy;&yucy;&dcy;&yacy;&mcy; &ncy;&iecy; &ncy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  &quot;noise&quot; , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; Linux, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&zcy;&bcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&jcy; &vcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;  <code>release</code> , &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy; &shcy;&ucy;&mcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;&yucy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &Lcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&scy;&acy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="d9b1a4418c4a1dfa1bd16bf9062a163f342c5fd5c609839428e829ac0e2c264f/e1" data-source="A few configuration variables (see &lt;a href=&quot;git-config&quot;&gt;git-config[1]&lt;/a&gt;) can make it easy to push both branches to your public tree. (See &lt;a href=&quot;#setting-up-a-public-repository&quot;&gt;Setting up a public repository&lt;/a&gt;.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&icy;&gcy;&ucy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; (&scy;&mcy;.  <a href="git-config.html">git-config[1]</a> ) &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &lcy;&iecy;&gcy;&kcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy; &vcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;  public . (&Scy;&mcy;.  <a href="user-manual.html#setting-up-a-public-repository">Setting up a public repository</a> .)</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">$ <span class="hljs-built_in">cat</span> &gt;&gt; .git/config &lt;&lt;<span class="hljs-string">EOF
[remote &quot;mytree&quot;]
        url =  master.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/aegl/linux.git
        push = release
        push = test
EOF</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="ac235cecde19f136c118cc31965b4f90e5658187e4bd554ef9f8abbf221d5344/70" data-source="Then you can push both the test and release trees using &lt;a href=&quot;git-push&quot;&gt;git-push[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &rcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yacy;  <a href="git-push.html">git-push[1]</a> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-perl">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">push</span> mytree</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="8e853441ee6ce10a7c2def0b89f81827e72c34777292011a84e593ab231c777c/3a" data-source="or push just one of the test and release branches using:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&zhcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy; &icy;&zcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yacy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git push mytree <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span></span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7175517a370b5cd2e664e3fd29c4ea9db5ce17058eb9772fe090a5485e49dad6/33" data-source="or" onmousemove="i18n(this)">or</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-perl">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">push</span> mytree release</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="0544a54a4d8c5697ac8d0b4535b06b4583df99f07dd70346213fd9fd70122909/db" data-source="Now to apply some patches from the community. Think of a short snappy name for a branch to hold this patch (or related group of patches), and create a new branch from a recent stable tag of Linus&amp;rsquo;s branch. Picking a stable base for your branch will: 1) help you: by avoiding inclusion of unrelated and perhaps lightly tested changes 2) help future bug hunters that use &lt;code&gt;git bisect&lt;/code&gt; to find problems" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy; &ocy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy;. &Pcy;&rcy;&icy;&dcy;&ucy;&mcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy; (&icy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &gcy;&rcy;&ucy;&pcy;&pcy;&acy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy;), &icy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy;&zcy; &ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&bcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &Lcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&scy;&acy;. &Vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&bcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;: 1) &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy;: &icy;&zcy;&bcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;, &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; 2) &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy; &zcy;&acy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy;  <code>git bisect</code> , &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-r"><span class="hljs-operator">$</span> git <span class="hljs-built_in">switch</span> <span class="hljs-operator">-</span><span class="hljs-built_in">c</span> speed<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>up<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>spinlocks v2.6.35</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="080f54ffc8a89b57bc5bdd40e5ca20e61da3b4523306051a4cd730b45d6571bc/c8" data-source="Now you apply the patch(es), run some tests, and commit the change(s). If the patch is a multi-part series, then you should apply each as a separate commit to this branch." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;(&icy;), &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&zcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &ncy;&icy;&khcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;.</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">... patch ... <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span>  ... commit [ ... patch ... <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span> ... commit ]*</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="ae139d7033a15f0e081629a7e77ad41eaad3b9b050612328f08a9b4a85e1689c/d1" data-source="When you are happy with the state of this change, you can merge it into the &amp;quot;test&amp;quot; branch in preparation to make it public:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;  &quot;test&quot; , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&gcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy; &pcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git switch <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span> &amp;&amp; git merge speed-up-spinlocks</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="bc120276bd8827b3c08ad73678b1ae06a551f3a7dc67205a478fbfa1f640c7b0/3d" data-source="It is unlikely that you would have any conflicts here &amp;hellip;but you might if you spent a while on this step and had also pulled new versions from upstream." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Mcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&yacy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;... &ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &shcy;&acy;&gcy; &icy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; &icy;&zcy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="f266232addde749059b6b4ab2b2fe822886c01639f79278c6a7089998435869d/b6" data-source="Sometime later when enough time has passed and testing done, you can pull the same branch into the &lt;code&gt;release&lt;/code&gt; tree ready to go upstream. This is where you see the value of keeping each patch (or patch series) in its own branch. It means that the patches can be moved into the &lt;code&gt;release&lt;/code&gt; tree in any order." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &scy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &icy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;, &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ucy; &zhcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&softcy; &vcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;  <code>release</code> , &gcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &kcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy; &vcy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy;. &Icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&acy; (&icy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy;) &vcy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;  <code>release</code>  &vcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&kcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-sql">$ git switch <span class="hljs-keyword">release</span> <span class="hljs-operator">&amp;&amp;</span> git <span class="hljs-keyword">merge</span> speed<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>up<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>spinlocks</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="5c020846cb7a11873b0ee7981c913558c9ba65dbd101a1e096d3beccea4e1530/ca" data-source="After a while, you will have a number of branches, and despite the well chosen names you picked for each of them, you may forget what they are for, or what status they are in. To get a reminder of what changes are in a specific branch, use:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &pcy;&ocy;&yacy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &icy;, &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &ncy;&icy;&khcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy;, &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy; &icy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ucy;&scy;&iecy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;. &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> linux..branchname | git shortlog</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="1ddf4398b3202bccf767a87dc47ccfd9373c94d5be43279c57dde3ef46041908/01" data-source="To see whether it has already been merged into the test or release branches, use:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &bcy;&ycy;&lcy; &lcy;&icy; &ocy;&ncy; &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy; &scy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> test..branchname</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7175517a370b5cd2e664e3fd29c4ea9db5ce17058eb9772fe090a5485e49dad6/33" data-source="or" onmousemove="i18n(this)">or</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> release..branchname</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="b216341a28a927a1ec968f382ce747b268807b9cec6500a103fb8bd36b8ffb2b/97" data-source="(If this branch has not yet been merged, you will see some log entries. If it has been merged, then there will be no output.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">(&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;, &vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&icy; &zhcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&acy;. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&ncy;&acy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;, &vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;.)</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="293d33c47d76e1750436a4927a79a874c31ef7adbef5cd5b07173098113b5cff/e2" data-source="Once a patch completes the great cycle (moving from test to release, then pulled by Linus, and finally coming back into your local &lt;code&gt;origin/master&lt;/code&gt; branch), the branch for this change is no longer needed. You detect this when the output from:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ocy;&jcy; &tscy;&icy;&kcy;&lcy; (&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy; &ocy;&tcy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&acy; &kcy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&ucy;, &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy; &Lcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&scy; &icy;, &ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&tscy;, &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&ucy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;  <code>origin/master</code> ), &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&acy;. &Vcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> origin..branchname</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="3359904fca502c874327b57a583765b7b71629531a4256c42e8fe959dc318eec/66" data-source="is empty. At this point the branch can be deleted:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;. &Ncy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git branch -d branchname</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="d82515f0946d50fb97110088caf7aa79ac07f8fa65c0114fd7523cf992a9a182/b9" data-source="Some changes are so trivial that it is not necessary to create a separate branch and then merge into each of the test and release branches. For these changes, just apply directly to the &lt;code&gt;release&lt;/code&gt; branch, and then merge that into the &lt;code&gt;test&lt;/code&gt; branch." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&iecy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&zcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;. &Dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&khcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &kcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;  <code>release</code> , &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &iecy;&iecy; &scy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;  <code>test</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="59518208c4f0ee37e92013f8fde7fd39dbee3645223755a75fe644dde6288565/58" data-source="After pushing your work to &lt;code&gt;mytree&lt;/code&gt;, you can use &lt;a href=&quot;git-request-pull&quot;&gt;git-request-pull[1]&lt;/a&gt; to prepare a &amp;quot;please pull&amp;quot; request message to send to Linus:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ycy; &ncy;&acy;  <code>mytree</code>  &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="git-request-pull.html">git-request-pull[1]</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&gcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&acy;  &quot;please pull&quot;  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy; &Lcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&scy;&ucy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git push mytree
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git request-pull origin mytree release</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="e2514a43262d49e400a39c1239f60703ebf71cfb7a10e9aac3a463b6fe2473d6/ef" data-source="Here are some of the scripts that simplify all this even further." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ocy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy;&kcy;&rcy;&icy;&pcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;.</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">==== update script ====
<span class="hljs-comment" title="# Update a branch in my Git tree.  If the branch to be updated"># &Ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &vcy; &mcy;&ocy;&iecy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&iecy; Git. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="# is origin, then pull from kernel.org.  Otherwise merge"># &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;, &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy; kernel.org. &Vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="# origin/master branch into test|release branch"># &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; origin/master &vcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; test|release</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;<span class="hljs-variable">$1</span>&quot;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">test</span>|release)
        git checkout <span class="hljs-variable">$1</span> &amp;&amp; git pull . origin
        ;;
origin)
        before=$(git rev-parse refs/remotes/origin/master)
        git fetch origin
        after=$(git rev-parse refs/remotes/origin/master)
        <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> [ <span class="hljs-variable">$before</span> != <span class="hljs-variable">$after</span> ]
        <span class="hljs-keyword">then</span>
                git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$before</span>..<span class="hljs-variable">$after</span> | git shortlog
        <span class="hljs-keyword">fi</span>
        ;;
*)
        <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;usage: <span class="hljs-variable">$0</span> origin|test|release&quot;</span> 1&gt;&amp;2
        <span class="hljs-built_in">exit</span> 1
        ;;
<span class="hljs-keyword">esac</span></pre> </div> </div> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">==== merge script ====
<span class="hljs-comment" title="# Merge a branch into either the test or release branch"># &Ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &rcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;</span>

pname=<span class="hljs-variable">$0</span>

<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-title">usage</span></span>()
{
        <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;usage: <span class="hljs-variable">$pname</span> branch test|release&quot;</span> 1&gt;&amp;2
        <span class="hljs-built_in">exit</span> 1
}

git show-ref -q --verify -- refs/heads/<span class="hljs-string">&quot;<span class="hljs-variable">$1</span>&quot;</span> || {
        <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Can&apos;t see branch &lt;<span class="hljs-variable">$1</span>&gt;&quot;</span> 1&gt;&amp;2
        usage
}

<span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;<span class="hljs-variable">$2</span>&quot;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">test</span>|release)
        <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> [ $(git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$2</span>..<span class="hljs-variable">$1</span> | <span class="hljs-built_in">wc</span> -c) -eq 0 ]
        <span class="hljs-keyword">then</span>
                <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$1</span> already merged into <span class="hljs-variable">$2</span> 1&gt;&amp;2
                <span class="hljs-built_in">exit</span> 1
        <span class="hljs-keyword">fi</span>
        git checkout <span class="hljs-variable">$2</span> &amp;&amp; git pull . <span class="hljs-variable">$1</span>
        ;;
*)
        usage
        ;;
<span class="hljs-keyword">esac</span></pre> </div> </div> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">==== status script ====
<span class="hljs-comment" title="# report on status of my ia64 Git tree"># &ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; Git ia64</span>

gb=$(tput setab 2)
rb=$(tput setab 1)
restore=$(tput setab 9)

<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> [ `git rev-list test..release | <span class="hljs-built_in">wc</span> -c` -gt 0 ]
<span class="hljs-keyword">then</span>
        <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$rb</span> Warning: commits <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> release that are not <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$restore</span>
        git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> test..release
<span class="hljs-keyword">fi</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> branch <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> `git show-ref --heads | sed <span class="hljs-string">&apos;s|^.*/||&apos;</span>`
<span class="hljs-keyword">do</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> [ <span class="hljs-variable">$branch</span> = <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span> -o <span class="hljs-variable">$branch</span> = release ]
        <span class="hljs-keyword">then</span>
                <span class="hljs-built_in">continue</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword">fi</span>

        <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> -n <span class="hljs-variable">$gb</span> ======= <span class="hljs-variable">$branch</span> ====== <span class="hljs-variable">$restore</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot; &quot;</span>
        status=
        <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> ref <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span> release origin/master
        <span class="hljs-keyword">do</span>
                <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> [ `git rev-list <span class="hljs-variable">$ref</span>..<span class="hljs-variable">$branch</span> | <span class="hljs-built_in">wc</span> -c` -gt 0 ]
                <span class="hljs-keyword">then</span>
                        status=$status<span class="hljs-variable">${ref:0:1}</span>
                <span class="hljs-keyword">fi</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword">done</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$status</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span>
        trl)
                <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$rb</span> Need to pull into <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$restore</span>
                ;;
        rl)
                <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;In test&quot;</span>
                ;;
        l)
                <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Waiting for linus&quot;</span>
                ;;
        <span class="hljs-string">&quot;&quot;</span>)
                <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$rb</span> All <span class="hljs-keyword">done</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$restore</span>
                ;;
        *)
                <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$rb</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;&lt;<span class="hljs-variable">$status</span>&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$restore</span>
                ;;
        <span class="hljs-keyword">esac</span>
        git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> origin/master..<span class="hljs-variable">$branch</span> | git shortlog
<span class="hljs-keyword">done</span></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="cleaning-up-history"><span data-i18n="137e46074c5b72c0e0f6102598082f3a005f04864f2f28d89eb7f64d10aea601/a3" data-source="Rewriting history and maintaining patch series" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy;</span></h2> <div> <p><span data-i18n="0ff70c68ba56408f9a162824f3b2430ebd760c675c70cf1df42c278a8f01ac2c/4f" data-source="Normally commits are only added to a project, never taken away or replaced. Git is designed with this assumption, and violating it will cause Git&amp;rsquo;s merge machinery (for example) to do the wrong thing." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &icy; &ncy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy; &ncy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;.  Git  &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy; &scy; &ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &icy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &kcy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&iecy;&khcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&zcy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  Git  (&ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;) &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="8a913bb97d90283d2a8330315cb48cc1b716788f9365b20c67e65eb2b435e921/53" data-source="However, there is a situation in which it can be useful to violate this assumption." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;, &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;.</span></p> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="patch-series"><span data-i18n="9c7a1704f2f507255b31c5ae0a7d90eb11880af455f20188b53f34e1121c474b/c2" data-source="Creating the perfect patch series" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="aca8c5cb09103b467919ff64959b540426f82d706f39031b052792f45d21ba61/c0" data-source="Suppose you are a contributor to a large project, and you want to add a complicated feature, and to present it to the other developers in a way that makes it easy for them to read your changes, verify that they are correct, and understand why you made each change." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ocy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &icy;&mcy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &lcy;&iecy;&gcy;&kcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;. &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="98dc660a1d16a76f1f234b6d0285a62b3d3d36b4d04549b0227588c5feb28f2e/c7" data-source="If you present all of your changes as a single patch (or commit), they may find that it is too much to digest all at once." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy; (&icy;&lcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;), &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&shcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &scy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ucy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="d02b25e59f2a51b29044ec3814a6f4176d1aa5a8e1f274c86fd053f4cbc785ed/b8" data-source="If you present them with the entire history of your work, complete with mistakes, corrections, and dead ends, they may be overwhelmed." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy; &vcy;&scy;&yucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ycy;, &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy;&kcy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &icy; &tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&shcy;&iecy;&lcy;&ocy;&mcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="261a4aae96fd56673cd777f925a18f4d758830d32429631f77d3967d4fd79824/ec" data-source="So the ideal is usually to produce a series of patches such that:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;:</span></p> <div> <ol> <li> <p><span data-i18n="df24934d79747f889143797efc37173c6ae38b446e1efa4f8f08738fb09443bb/9a" data-source="Each patch can be applied in order." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&kcy;&ucy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="f3ef7c4548b46a6e9d12e964be4926a288615a2fed0b16e17e72813e7948dbc9/72" data-source="Each patch includes a single logical change, together with a message explaining the change." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy; &scy;&iecy;&bcy;&yacy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy; &lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;, &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="1587a14e3e767619b46c5a3245ca498745940ceeb3eebda7f3e017c4d4779a30/57" data-source="No patch introduces a regression: after applying any initial part of the series, the resulting project still compiles and works, and has no bugs that it didn&amp;rsquo;t have before." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&icy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy; &ncy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy; &rcy;&iecy;&gcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&icy;&yucy;: &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&vcy;&shcy;&icy;&jcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;-&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&pcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy;&kcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&ncy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="de9d0cf6c75be1653831bcbe65ea43a5e716fd383cce1b2914775db742460ea0/96" data-source="The complete series produces the same end result as your own (probably much messier!) development process did." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; (&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&yacy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &gcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy;!) &Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&scy;&scy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;.</span></p> </li> </ol> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7563d82261a902162863622cdc3f3832cc0a44e4d99de44bdd8cd42da0737973/1d" data-source="We will introduce some tools that can help you do this, explain how to use them, and then explain some of the problems that can arise because you are rewriting history." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Mcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&icy;&mcy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &scy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&chcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy;&khcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="using-git-rebase"><span data-i18n="d1b051fa163afb1a7b6101ffe8e193fe876d690c4f448c998d272f3f37c0e709/54" data-source="Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &acy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  git .</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="1ea3fea4e7a44c3378fe75e3d42aafeb52b514ea4fc9e1fa41efd7de80a5511a/c9" data-source="Suppose that you create a branch &lt;code&gt;mywork&lt;/code&gt; on a remote-tracking branch &lt;code&gt;origin&lt;/code&gt;, and create some commits on top of it:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;  <code>mywork</code>  &vcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  <code>origin</code>  &icy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy; &ncy;&iecy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git switch -c mywork origin
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>vi file.txt
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git commit
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>vi otherfile.txt
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git commit
...</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="2e123cd322783655b969b9ba65b9f69e0626583670c1dca3a4dc2aa54e3fe87c/db" data-source="You have performed no merges into mywork, so it is just a simple linear sequence of patches on top of &lt;code&gt;origin&lt;/code&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &ncy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &scy; &mcy;&ocy;&iecy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;  <code>origin</code> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-css"> o<span class="hljs-attr">--o--O</span> &lt;-- origin
        \
         <span class="hljs-selector-tag">a</span><span class="hljs-attr">--b--c</span> &lt;-- mywork</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="5015432bbf47d6634436c5f10fe20164ff3620e762922b81c6f42f97196dc9fc/f0" data-source="Some more interesting work has been done in the upstream project, and &lt;code&gt;origin&lt;/code&gt; has advanced:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&ncy;&acy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;, &icy;  <code>origin</code>  &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&vcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&lcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-css"> o<span class="hljs-attr">--o--O--o--o--o</span> &lt;-- origin
        \
         <span class="hljs-selector-tag">a</span><span class="hljs-attr">--b--c</span> &lt;-- mywork</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="811256ba62c09609183ae516e022c0f84e399ce11608f971ab5418608045c757/dd" data-source="At this point, you could use &lt;code&gt;pull&lt;/code&gt; to merge your changes back in; the result would create a new merge commit, like this:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>pull</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;; &vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-css"> o<span class="hljs-attr">--o--O--o--o--o</span> &lt;-- origin
        \        \
         <span class="hljs-selector-tag">a</span><span class="hljs-attr">--b--c--m</span> &lt;-- mywork</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="48fd1fba5ca827a982d6df67943bc588173fa546b1c654139355b1ccd163c01f/ae" data-source="However, if you prefer to keep the history in mywork a simple series of commits without any merges, you may instead choose to use &lt;a href=&quot;git-rebase&quot;&gt;git-rebase[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &vcy; &mcy;&ocy;&iecy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;, &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase[1]</a> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git switch mywork
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git rebase origin</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7c2942fc1437fcf85951aa37f7a12d7d53160f976c7428038dc9ec0181ccff29/f4" data-source="This will remove each of your commits from mywork, temporarily saving them as patches (in a directory named &lt;code&gt;.git/rebase-apply&lt;/code&gt;), update mywork to point at the latest version of origin, then apply each of the saved patches to the new mywork. The result will look like:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy; mywork, &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&khcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy; (&vcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>.git/rebase-apply</code> ), &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy; mywork, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&vcy; &ncy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&yucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy; &kcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; mywork. &Rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&ycy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua"> o<span class="hljs-comment" title="--o--O--o--o--o &lt;-- origin">--o--O--o--o--o &lt;-- &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;</span>
                 \
                  a<span class="hljs-string">&apos;--b&apos;</span><span class="hljs-comment" title="--c&apos; &lt;-- mywork">--c&apos; &lt;-- &mcy;&ocy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="449e44a178dd05592152d462b799fc34701076304c205db28110894df224db6c/ce" data-source="In the process, it may discover conflicts. In that case it will stop and allow you to fix the conflicts; after fixing conflicts, use &lt;code&gt;git add&lt;/code&gt; to update the index with those contents, and then, instead of running &lt;code&gt;git commit&lt;/code&gt;, just run" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&iecy; &ocy;&ncy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;. &Vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &ocy;&ncy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>git add</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ycy;&mcy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;  <code>git commit</code>  &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-kotlin">$ git rebase --<span class="hljs-keyword">continue</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="589f4747ba571e01975bd60101b59a1ac8748478de5b6ae28e15363177c9490b/00" data-source="and Git will continue applying the rest of the patches." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy;  Git  &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="94bf72037aeea84a2baa86145fc81cba483123d072fdf87a42237ffca09f93b5/3d" data-source="At any point you may use the &lt;code&gt;--abort&lt;/code&gt; option to abort this process and return mywork to the state it had before you started the rebase:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;  <code>--abort</code> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&scy;&scy; &icy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; mywork &vcy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ocy;&ncy;&acy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy; &dcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua">$ git rebase <span class="hljs-comment">--abort</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7f2140542dd6e05fc13109f18c29bcf5a83e6f3d580ebff999aefdbcc3511550/b1" data-source="If you need to reorder or edit a number of commits in a branch, it may be easier to use &lt;code&gt;git rebase -i&lt;/code&gt;, which allows you to reorder and squash commits, as well as marking them for individual editing during the rebase. See &lt;a href=&quot;#interactive-rebase&quot;&gt;Using interactive rebases&lt;/a&gt; for details, and &lt;a href=&quot;#reordering-patch-series&quot;&gt;Reordering or selecting from a patch series&lt;/a&gt; for alternatives." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&ocy;&kcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;, &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>git rebase -i</code> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&ucy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy; &scy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;, &acy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&icy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&ucy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;. &Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#interactive-rebase">Using interactive rebases</a> , &acy; &acy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ycy; &mdash; &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#reordering-patch-series">Reordering or selecting from a patch series</a> .</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="rewriting-one-commit"><span data-i18n="5c6a24d24c49b13a37c19ac95b9310d0aafad1db7d880af6c7265d86c0fb5beb/ef" data-source="Rewriting a single commit" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="127d317d01bd0378e9069c7de6e46be79cffae2ff31b0c6923104996c3015861/0a" data-source="We saw in &lt;a href=&quot;#fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history&quot;&gt;Fixing a mistake by rewriting history&lt;/a&gt; that you can replace the most recent commit using" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history">Fixing a mistake by rewriting history</a>  &mcy;&ycy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yacy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-sql">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span> <span class="hljs-comment">--amend</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="9a1231b971263789a3c48da3c0c6f97d8b733b8b86d579ed2b0a888af2abda95/0c" data-source="which will replace the old commit by a new commit incorporating your changes, giving you a chance to edit the old commit message first. This is useful for fixing typos in your last commit, or for adjusting the patch contents of a poorly staged commit." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&mcy;, &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ocy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy; &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&acy; &pcy;&lcy;&ocy;&khcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&gcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="3dc7582208712e8dae1ac89154c92614678f10eb79e945888c57b2e600983572/80" data-source="If you need to amend commits from deeper in your history, you can use &lt;a href=&quot;#interactive-rebase&quot;&gt;interactive rebase&amp;rsquo;s &lt;code&gt;edit&lt;/code&gt; instruction&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &gcy;&lcy;&ucy;&bcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#interactive-rebase">interactive rebase&rsquo;s <code>edit</code> instruction</a> .</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="reordering-patch-series"><span data-i18n="517d8d85c1f6fbdcfd634f94e9072ae598f2e002a6b1a299f1fccbbeeadd29a9/72" data-source="Reordering or selecting from a patch series" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&kcy;&acy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy; &icy;&zcy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="8d0d8c93a35baccb233224256b21b369ce373832aa95e92ab2f73101301dd97f/6e" data-source="Sometimes you want to edit a commit deeper in your history. One approach is to use &lt;code&gt;git format-patch&lt;/code&gt; to create a series of patches and then reset the state to before the patches:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &gcy;&lcy;&ucy;&bcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;. &Ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &icy;&zcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy; &mdash; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>git format-patch</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&bcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua">$ git <span class="hljs-built_in">format</span>-patch origin
$ git reset <span class="hljs-comment">--hard origin</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="ae0b6004aee1039797e0a64a89bddd8f25bf9ccacf282c742393f892006a4e58/d1" data-source="Then modify, reorder, or eliminate patches as needed before applying them again with &lt;a href=&quot;git-am&quot;&gt;git-am[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&ucy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy; &scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-am.html">git-am[1]</a> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git am *.patch</pre> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="interactive-rebase"><span data-i18n="b165cc179c8c03ef07620fa414936f37789ede618f990eaf93055d949cac4bd1/c6" data-source="Using interactive rebases" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&kcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="b47b428ea652b043f25f1a99d7e61272b6faf8a5062d0b850adcfd165de9c12f/cd" data-source="You can also edit a patch series with an interactive rebase. This is the same as &lt;a href=&quot;#reordering-patch-series&quot;&gt;reordering a patch series using &lt;code&gt;format-patch&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, so use whichever interface you like best." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy; &zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#reordering-patch-series">reordering a patch series using <code>format-patch</code></a> , &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&fcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &ncy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="aecf478090ab92cf79041f9699b89ddcf60ff395481fc9003f6ce03327681bde/60" data-source="Rebase your current HEAD on the last commit you want to retain as-is. For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, use:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; HEAD &ncy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;. &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&ocy;&kcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&khcy; 5 &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git rebase -i <span class="hljs-variable constant_">HEAD</span>~<span class="hljs-number">5</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="e8c9736c15ba34b8e1bc2a363124084d56d7840a743d2e1b9b59681b4eb24311/0f" data-source="This will open your editor with a list of steps to be taken to perform your rebase." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy; &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy; &scy;&ocy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &shcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-graphql">pick deadbee The oneline of this commit
pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit
<span class="hljs-punctuation">...</span>

<span class="hljs-comment" title="# Rebase c0ffeee..deadbee onto c0ffeee"># &Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&mcy; c0ffee..deadbee &ncy;&acy; c0ffee</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">#</span>
<span class="hljs-comment"># Commands:</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="#  p, pick = use commit"># p, Pick = &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="#  r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message"># r, reword = &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;, &ncy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="#  e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending"># e, edit = &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;, &ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="#  s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit"># s, &scy;&kcy;&vcy;&ocy;&shcy; = &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ycy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="#  f, fixup = like &quot;squash&quot;, but discard this commit&apos;s log message"># f, fixup = &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  &quot;squash&quot; , &ncy;&ocy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &zhcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="#  x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell"># x, exec = &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ucy; (&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&shcy;&acy;&yacy;&scy;&yacy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&icy;) &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&icy;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">#</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="# These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom."># &Ecy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&ucy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ucy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&zcy;.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">#</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST."># &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ucy;, &Ecy;&Tcy;&Acy; &Kcy;&Ocy;&Mcy;&Mcy;&Icy;&Tcy; &Bcy;&Ucy;&Dcy;&IEcy;&Tcy; &Pcy;&Ocy;&Tcy;&IEcy;&Rcy;&YAcy;&Ncy;&Acy;.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">#</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted."># &Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;, &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">#</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="# Note that empty commits are commented out"># &Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ycy;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="f7d012d918173822addf3d833ad21c2cd41d01e9ac286141f6500d72bc54fe76/18" data-source="As explained in the comments, you can reorder commits, squash them together, edit commit messages, etc. by editing the list. Once you are satisfied, save the list and close your editor, and the rebase will begin." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &pcy;&ocy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&ocy;&kcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;, &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&khcy; &icy; &ZeroWidthSpace;&ZeroWidthSpace;&tcy;.&nbsp;&dcy;., &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&yacy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy;. &Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy;, &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &icy; &zcy;&acy;&kcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;, &icy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&ncy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="8fab68da66d25041023a48974488103f11322aaa65c28351e412b5da9108d502/c9" data-source="The rebase will stop where &lt;code&gt;pick&lt;/code&gt; has been replaced with &lt;code&gt;edit&lt;/code&gt; or when a step in the list fails to mechanically resolve conflicts and needs your help. When you are done editing and/or resolving conflicts you can continue with &lt;code&gt;git rebase --continue&lt;/code&gt;. If you decide that things are getting too hairy, you can always bail out with &lt;code&gt;git rebase
--abort&lt;/code&gt;. Even after the rebase is complete, you can still recover the original branch by using the &lt;a href=&quot;#reflogs&quot;&gt;reflog&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy;  <code>pick</code>  &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy; &ncy;&acy;  <code>edit</code>  &icy;&lcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &shcy;&acy;&gcy;&ucy; &vcy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&kcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &mcy;&iecy;&khcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;. &Kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;/&icy;&lcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ucy; &scy;  <code>git rebase --continue</code> . &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&shcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&pcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <code>git rebase
--abort</code> . &Dcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="user-manual.html#reflogs">reflog</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="b29f8a32f610a55ff7164f4abaaf7a95f5967592c39cf97713ed1c9da778fe74/1b" data-source="For a more detailed discussion of the procedure and additional tips, see the &amp;quot;INTERACTIVE MODE&amp;quot; section of &lt;a href=&quot;git-rebase&quot;&gt;git-rebase[1]&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&scy;&ucy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ycy; &icy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ycy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;  &quot;INTERACTIVE MODE&quot;  &kcy;&ncy;&icy;&gcy;&icy;  <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase[1]</a> .</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="patch-series-tools"><span data-i18n="eddcef62be62b8cdba36f27a4b9a1edc93cae4eee255128a1ef5b5167fb4ad2c/0f" data-source="Other tools" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Other tools</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="bc8a923a2921497f8f4e12a2bb0b8a2d9daba5bd202a9b7593920b14c79c767f/4f" data-source="There are numerous other tools, such as StGit, which exist for the purpose of maintaining a patch series. These are outside of the scope of this manual." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; StGit, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy;. &Ocy;&ncy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy; &rcy;&acy;&mcy;&kcy;&icy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="problems-With-rewriting-history"><span data-i18n="fd83e8a70c8b28f474116ea360efeec21dbcd994600de9c8562020086ef1f73a/10" data-source="Problems with rewriting history" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy; &scy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="a8671a04b8b0472f2edfc146d6e9ef6b7c1c0a98ef49cd1db441893363fba9b2/74" data-source="The primary problem with rewriting the history of a branch has to do with merging. Suppose somebody fetches your branch and merges it into their branch, with a result something like this:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&acy; &scy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;. &Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &kcy;&tcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&ucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &iecy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ocy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-css"> o<span class="hljs-attr">--o--O--o--o--o</span> &lt;-- origin
        \        \
         t<span class="hljs-attr">--t--t--m</span> &lt;-- their branch:</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="38867d177dffb7345d6b58e31b8182d233aac9045055717795ccf9a04cc9ee7c/be" data-source="Then suppose you modify the last three commits:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &tcy;&rcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">         o--o--o &lt;-- new <span class="hljs-built_in">head</span> of origin
        /
 o--o--O--o--o--o &lt;-- old <span class="hljs-built_in">head</span> of origin</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="56bf7cfe3f68385444402bc03eb03cf229d9ed483fc07518871159a0c531b77a/2b" data-source="If we examined all this history together in one repository, it will look like:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &mcy;&ycy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&scy;&yucy; &ecy;&tcy;&ucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&ycy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-css">         o<span class="hljs-attr">--o--o</span> &lt;-- new head of origin
        /
 o<span class="hljs-attr">--o--O--o--o--o</span> &lt;-- old head of origin
        \        \
         t<span class="hljs-attr">--t--t--m</span> &lt;-- their branch:</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="f79d9772ca0d547b79bafe15d260ca2d9a4c64d799e48e0486b4e9900c924ad5/9d" data-source="Git has no way of knowing that the new head is an updated version of the old head; it treats this situation exactly the same as it would if two developers had independently done the work on the old and new heads in parallel. At this point, if someone attempts to merge the new head in to their branch, Git will attempt to merge together the two (old and new) lines of development, instead of trying to replace the old by the new. The results are likely to be unexpected." onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git  &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&acy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;; &ocy;&ncy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&scy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ucy; &scy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy; &zhcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy; &dcy;&vcy;&acy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy; &ocy;&tcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&acy; &pcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&lcy;&lcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&dcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;. &Ncy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&iecy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &kcy;&tcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ycy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy; &scy;&ocy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;,  Git  &pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ycy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&vcy;&iecy; (&scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;) &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ycy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy;. &Rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ycy;, &scy;&kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&iecy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;, &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="fa68f3839d1f6b0dad0ed5160f33442264bfff23960772cde8e122b1bcd52a05/d7" data-source="You may still choose to publish branches whose history is rewritten, and it may be useful for others to be able to fetch those branches in order to examine or test them, but they should not attempt to pull such branches into their own work." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;-&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&acy;, &icy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &icy;&khcy; &icy;&zcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &ncy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ycy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="191b127dfd67bf9f60c1393ec793156a447212a5ecc10175726d828e6c7822f9/b8" data-source="For true distributed development that supports proper merging, published branches should never be rewritten." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;  true , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="bisect-merges"><span data-i18n="23923f372107ec88cd55a9755d90f25d22206e3e7825a79dd44705c164bdd408/cf" data-source="Why bisecting merge commits can be harder than bisecting linear history" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy;, &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="ab464cdce1fb055537526619995afaf6d26bc224159188251f438ee61e9b77d7/33" data-source="The &lt;a href=&quot;git-bisect&quot;&gt;git-bisect[1]&lt;/a&gt; command correctly handles history that includes merge commits. However, when the commit that it finds is a merge commit, the user may need to work harder than usual to figure out why that commit introduced a problem." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-bisect.html">git-bisect[1]</a>  &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&acy;&tcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;, &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;. &Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &icy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yucy;, &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &ucy;&scy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;&jcy;, &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="d316f035a9eb5f9fa6d3a4d3b0d3682f5b66d22a98127b265e0bf4e1b86d8dcd/07" data-source="Imagine this history:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&iecy;&bcy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-css">      -<span class="hljs-attr">--Z---o---X---</span>..<span class="hljs-selector-class">.---o---A---C---D</span>
          \                       /
           o-<span class="hljs-attr">--o---Y---</span>..<span class="hljs-selector-class">.---o---B</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="1bcd3da40228f6be88dbd7a68e19caffe1d7bf6876e278517973c118e0a3a5db/28" data-source="Suppose that on the upper line of development, the meaning of one of the functions that exists at Z is changed at commit X. The commits from Z leading to A change both the function&amp;rsquo;s implementation and all calling sites that exist at Z, as well as new calling sites they add, to be consistent. There is no bug at A." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy;&mcy;&ycy;&scy;&lcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&jcy;, &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy; &vcy; Z, &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; X. &Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy; Z, &vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy; A, &mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &rcy;&iecy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&ycy;, &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy; Z, &acy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy;. &Vcy; &Acy; &ncy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="8e156e498181405a8d4887a2a07ab1320f4c0df44330259cdb0a395bf965cb7b/4f" data-source="Suppose that in the meantime on the lower line of development somebody adds a new calling site for that function at commit Y. The commits from Z leading to B all assume the old semantics of that function and the callers and the callee are consistent with each other. There is no bug at B, either." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&icy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &kcy;&tcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &scy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; Y. &Vcy;&scy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &ocy;&tcy; Z, &vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy; B, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&acy;&gcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&kcy;&ucy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &acy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &icy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&acy;&scy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy; &scy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy;. . &Vcy; B &tcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="188f5706b496172fc8311354736aca04e0a8a30348041e5c62d2b36cb5527fca/d5" data-source="Suppose further that the two development lines merge cleanly at C, so no conflict resolution is required." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy; &dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&vcy;&iecy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &pcy;&lcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; C, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &ncy;&iecy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="805678aaa554edf54755aec1245349ffb27cf9d0e04d92871f5b6b5dda4bf794/e2" data-source="Nevertheless, the code at C is broken, because the callers added on the lower line of development have not been converted to the new semantics introduced on the upper line of development. So if all you know is that D is bad, that Z is good, and that &lt;a href=&quot;git-bisect&quot;&gt;git-bisect[1]&lt;/a&gt; identifies C as the culprit, how will you figure out that the problem is due to this change in semantics?" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ncy;&iecy; &mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ocy;&dcy; C &ncy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy;&ycy;, &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&icy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ycy; &vcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&kcy;&ucy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &ncy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;. &Icy;&tcy;&acy;&kcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;, &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; D &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&lcy;&ocy;&khcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; Z &mdash; &khcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&shcy;&ocy; &icy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;  <a href="git-bisect.html">git-bisect[1]</a>  &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&tscy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; C &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&jcy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy; &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&acy; &scy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&mcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&kcy;&icy;?</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="33e34efa09775d668839f2bdd044bccc35c00320630142f42da0596e178f22e3/9f" data-source="When the result of a &lt;code&gt;git bisect&lt;/code&gt; is a non-merge commit, you should normally be able to discover the problem by examining just that commit. Developers can make this easy by breaking their changes into small self-contained commits. That won&amp;rsquo;t help in the case above, however, because the problem isn&amp;rsquo;t obvious from examination of any single commit; instead, a global view of the development is required. To make matters worse, the change in semantics in the problematic function may be just one small part of the changes in the upper line of development." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;  <code>git bisect</code>  &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;. &Rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ucy; &zcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&chcy;&ucy;, &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&bcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&iecy; &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;. &Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&kcy;&iecy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &gcy;&lcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&zcy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&dcy; &ncy;&acy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&icy;&iecy;. &KHcy;&ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&kcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &lcy;&icy;&shcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ocy;&jcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;&yucy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="668908b0904437ad10c356a6e71f8dc3a65d3cab7990949c3f95ec2b52719ce3/32" data-source="On the other hand, if instead of merging at C you had rebased the history between Z to B on top of A, you would have gotten this linear history:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ycy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&iecy; C &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; Z &vcy; B &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy; A, &vcy;&ycy; &bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ocy;&tcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ucy;&yucy; &ZeroWidthSpace;&ZeroWidthSpace;&lcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-css">    -<span class="hljs-attr">--Z---o---X--</span>..<span class="hljs-selector-class">.---o---A---o---o---Y</span>*--..<span class="hljs-selector-class">.---o---B</span>*<span class="hljs-attr">--D</span>*</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="1efb1b7a74d01237cb34960e78134ae7908a95ca3b598b6462fe3630c558f7f9/9d" data-source="Bisecting between Z and D* would hit a single culprit commit Y*, and understanding why Y* was broken would probably be easier." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; Z &icy; D* &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &kcy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy; Y*, &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; Y* &bcy;&ycy;&lcy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;, &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&yacy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="47d699ff36b6e01729daf02a89cd522a66ad117714bc2bbea2e0055edebc7815/61" data-source="Partly for this reason, many experienced Git users, even when working on an otherwise merge-heavy project, keep the history linear by rebasing against the latest upstream version before publishing." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&ycy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;  Git , &dcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;&dcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;, &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&yucy;&yucy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy; &pcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy;.</span></p> </div> </div> <h2 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="advanced-branch-management"><span data-i18n="d2724043a6a71bae692330b6d3a744409debff0a3e905f732d9e0ef3b7365194/bc" data-source="Advanced branch management" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&acy;&scy;&shcy;&icy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &fcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;</span></h2> <div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="fetching-individual-branches"><span data-i18n="a7f0255c1e40086b3b51bd9f630cffe0670e52a5e55929c14a59f42401b475b3/05" data-source="Fetching individual branches" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="20177dedea7758e8a91f76c0bcebaa1e6c0077164f97790d4c31d6fd1d771bcb/4d" data-source="Instead of using &lt;a href=&quot;git-remote&quot;&gt;git-remote[1]&lt;/a&gt;, you can also choose just to update one branch at a time, and to store it locally under an arbitrary name:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  <a href="git-remote.html">git-remote[1]</a>  &vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &zcy;&acy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy; &icy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&iecy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-perl">$ git fetch origin todo:<span class="hljs-keyword">my</span>-todo-work</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="2a409a8d9368f4b24181c5b758edcb9cccf06bb3c4d810e7d43a2f58664bcae9/be" data-source="The first argument, &lt;code&gt;origin&lt;/code&gt;, just tells Git to fetch from the repository you originally cloned from. The second argument tells Git to fetch the branch named &lt;code&gt;todo&lt;/code&gt; from the remote repository, and to store it locally under the name &lt;code&gt;refs/heads/my-todo-work&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &acy;&rcy;&gcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;,  <code>origin</code> , &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;  Git  &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy;&zcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;, &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;. &Vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &acy;&rcy;&gcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;  Git  &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>todo</code>  &icy;&zcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &icy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&iecy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>refs/heads/my-todo-work</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="079af8c1ec6de94649e0c4b52fdceda9be420133c27544d3cff6e8c8a84f5892/94" data-source="You can also fetch branches from other repositories; so" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&vcy;; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git fetch <span class="hljs-symbol">git:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/example.com/proj</span>.git <span class="hljs-symbol">master:</span>example-master</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="95619af2a60811edcbbcae5d07ed7ed2856bb3397824ca4d3079dad091813d6f/71" data-source="will create a new branch named &lt;code&gt;example-master&lt;/code&gt; and store in it the branch named &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt; from the repository at the given URL. If you already have a branch named example-master, it will attempt to &lt;a href=&quot;#fast-forwards&quot;&gt;fast-forward&lt;/a&gt; to the commit given by example.com&amp;rsquo;s master branch. In more detail:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>example-master</code>  &icy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy; &ncy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>master</code>  &icy;&zcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; URL-&acy;&dcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&ucy;. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; example-master, &ocy;&ncy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ycy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#fast-forwards">fast-forward</a>  &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;, &zcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; example.com. &Bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;:</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="fetch-fast-forwards"><span data-i18n="ba88bca1bf9151b338436f0b340b4280995793d734716070ad7fd5930b88113c/ac" data-source="git fetch and fast-forwards" onmousemove="i18n(this)">git  &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&kcy;&acy; &icy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &vcy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="a30cc5c9855def9daa42963920863917f8b6943e2f203db304970c04a5b7aad8/ed" data-source="In the previous example, when updating an existing branch, &lt;code&gt;git fetch&lt;/code&gt; checks to make sure that the most recent commit on the remote branch is a descendant of the most recent commit on your copy of the branch before updating your copy of the branch to point at the new commit. Git calls this process a &lt;a href=&quot;#fast-forwards&quot;&gt;fast-forward&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ycy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;  <code>git fetch</code>  &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;, &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &lcy;&icy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&acy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&yacy;&yacy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&ucy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&ncy;&acy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;.  Git  &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;  <a href="user-manual.html#fast-forwards">fast-forward</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="04c9eeac878de2d8a310cc349a1411143aeac850eb49151d124873b7c1f09252/ce" data-source="A fast-forward looks something like this:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Bcy;&ycy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &vcy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy; &vcy;&ycy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ocy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash"> o--o--o--o &lt;-- old <span class="hljs-built_in">head</span> of the branch
           \
            o--o--o &lt;-- new <span class="hljs-built_in">head</span> of the branch</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="14267baaf83af04e5e29302d3f97dbc4d2861c805406f7f01994f72e35556c97/0f" data-source="In some cases it is possible that the new head will &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; actually be a descendant of the old head. For example, the developer may have realized a serious mistake was made and decided to backtrack, resulting in a situation like:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&yacy;&khcy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;. &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy; &ocy;&scy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&acy;, &icy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&lcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&dcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&lcy;&ocy; &kcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash"> o--o--o--o--a--b &lt;-- old <span class="hljs-built_in">head</span> of the branch
           \
            o--o--o &lt;-- new <span class="hljs-built_in">head</span> of the branch</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="1c15927c2351547d0d425170b50fda830008f0e425706b84bafacd517e94243b/5f" data-source="In this case, &lt;code&gt;git fetch&lt;/code&gt; will fail, and print out a warning." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;  <code>git fetch</code>  &vcy;&ycy;&jcy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&zcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&yacy; &icy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="0737e2ec31689ffc0dc18d8889e9060e44980f7665504c63dda76e87f3c4d3d4/a5" data-source="In that case, you can still force Git to update to the new head, as described in the following section. However, note that in the situation above this may mean losing the commits labeled &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;b&lt;/code&gt;, unless you&amp;rsquo;ve already created a reference of your own pointing to them." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  Git  &dcy;&ocy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;. &Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; &scy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yucy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &scy; &mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;  <code>a</code>  &icy;  <code>b</code> , &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&icy;&khcy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="forcing-fetch"><span data-i18n="17073f10915b42c895bef71404e71610931fc1b7c1c510eba9d2660f18367579/37" data-source="Forcing git fetch to do non-fast-forward updates" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&kcy;&acy;  git  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="a638279ddf339f51ee5635c4b8d354c6a5d59cc4a78f5806a28e9b878cd12746/91" data-source="If git fetch fails because the new head of a branch is not a descendant of the old head, you may force the update with:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&kcy;&acy;  git  &ncy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy;&scy;&softcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &gcy;&lcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git fetch git://example.com/proj.git +master:refs/remotes/example/master</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="d176f27f0d60904846b0d61882e270e923e1aa482ac5d7222b3fcb7759afddbd/5d" data-source="Note the addition of the &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; sign. Alternatively, you can use the &lt;code&gt;-f&lt;/code&gt; flag to force updates of all the fetched branches, as in:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&acy;  <code>+</code> . &Acy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&lcy;&acy;&gcy;  <code>-f</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&khcy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git fetch -f origin</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="426d3cb7574403e16dbf42604ab5d78f91f9c6c03f0c1b3c6bc9211555c72af5/29" data-source="Be aware that commits that the old version of example/master pointed at may be lost, as we saw in the previous section." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&mcy;&iecy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&ucy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; example/master, &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&ncy;&ycy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &mcy;&ycy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ycy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="remote-branch-configuration"><span data-i18n="86461511ff5eec9ca48944be26ff43020bfd793e214928d47fbdf2d46e49a688/f1" data-source="Configuring remote-tracking branches" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;&kcy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="d48766cebf4620faa0a8cd858432e2a350d3cfc954645186385fa9dfa1bcb5b7/b4" data-source="We saw above that &lt;code&gt;origin&lt;/code&gt; is just a shortcut to refer to the repository that you originally cloned from. This information is stored in Git configuration variables, which you can see using &lt;a href=&quot;git-config&quot;&gt;git-config[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ycy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;  <code>origin</code>  &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &yacy;&rcy;&lcy;&ycy;&kcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;, &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&acy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&icy;&gcy;&ucy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;  Git , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-config.html">git-config[1]</a> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">$ git config -l
core.repositoryformatversion=0
core.filemode=<span class="hljs-literal">true</span>
core.logallrefupdates=<span class="hljs-literal">true</span>
remote.origin.url=git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git
remote.origin.fetch=+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
branch.master.remote=origin
branch.master.merge=refs/heads/master</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="0446f9d868b68a2c4c3261c78a7f8cff1ee60d3ee84e43a359c324cbfd3c08ef/b7" data-source="If there are other repositories that you also use frequently, you can create similar configuration options to save typing; for example," onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &acy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&rcy;&ycy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&icy;&gcy;&ucy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &scy;&ecy;&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &vcy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;,</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-csharp">$ git remote <span class="hljs-keyword">add</span> example git:<span class="hljs-comment">//example.com/proj.git</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="d0e5a3e9cad7c406e71c159e10a9369c41dea9e4a7401cd418267e2e5286f634/ad" data-source="adds the following to &lt;code&gt;.git/config&lt;/code&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;  <code>.git/config</code>  &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby">[remote <span class="hljs-string">&quot;example&quot;</span>]
        url = <span class="hljs-symbol">git:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/example.com/proj</span>.git
        fetch = +refs/heads/*<span class="hljs-symbol">:refs/remotes/example/*</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="5c37c646cafb4a3c14b4aca4fc7acfa50e709252d72381b0e4d46b156cb66325/4d" data-source="Also note that the above configuration can be performed by directly editing the file &lt;code&gt;.git/config&lt;/code&gt; instead of using &lt;a href=&quot;git-remote&quot;&gt;git-remote[1]&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;&kcy;&ucy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ncy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;  <code>.git/config</code>  &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  <a href="git-remote.html">git-remote[1]</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="1805b249562eed29bbab78895fc221aa4ab1a433d6b7f3f8865daf6480a3e0f1/3d" data-source="After configuring the remote, the following three commands will do the same thing:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;&kcy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &tcy;&rcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy; &zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git fetch <span class="hljs-symbol">git:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/example.com/proj</span>.git +refs/heads/*<span class="hljs-symbol">:refs/remotes/example/*</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git fetch example +refs/heads/*<span class="hljs-symbol">:refs/remotes/example/*</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git fetch example</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="6948cd4e90f7d7d5f1c71c41e96b64b86151ffcb92b4392c8b07094740b25e8e/4d" data-source="See &lt;a href=&quot;git-config&quot;&gt;git-config[1]&lt;/a&gt; for more details on the configuration options mentioned above and &lt;a href=&quot;git-fetch&quot;&gt;git-fetch[1]&lt;/a&gt; for more details on the refspec syntax." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&mcy;.  <a href="git-config.html">git-config[1]</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy; &ucy;&pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&yacy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; &pcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&icy;&gcy;&ucy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &icy;  <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch[1]</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &ocy; &scy;&icy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&scy;&iecy; refspec.</span></p> </div> </div> <h2 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="git-concepts"><span data-i18n="fe991414bb242d10c270c352380e42139b5f7ffbb01052a14fa3980e1194ad15/d5" data-source="Git concepts" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git concepts</span></h2> <div> <p><span data-i18n="55a565c5649ef0b3d2d15c7740f132c31efe9a853564938d04464d5cf15a8db9/e1" data-source="Git is built on a small number of simple but powerful ideas. While it is possible to get things done without understanding them, you will find Git much more intuitive if you do." onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git  &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&ncy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ocy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ycy;&khcy;, &ncy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&jcy;. &Ncy;&iecy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &tcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &zcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;, &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&khcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;  Git  &gcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&ucy;&icy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="4d65314c79c686f6a9c04dc480d258218b98ca16b9beadc7753261c6ddc72bdd/f7" data-source="We start with the most important, the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object_database&quot;&gt;object database&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_index&quot;&gt;index&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&chcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &mdash;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object_database">object database</a>  &icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_index">index</a> .</span></p> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="the-object-database"><span data-i18n="f1ebae1b6709feeeed6a29866f404d1185e07758d2efa1dcdc77b1b21a6edcb1/d8" data-source="The Object Database" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Bcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="2113c139e21cc97067068819a7aa05b94f197ab81161dbab21a6428bbed974c1/dc" data-source="We already saw in &lt;a href=&quot;#understanding-commits&quot;&gt;Understanding History: Commits&lt;/a&gt; that all commits are stored under a 40-digit &amp;quot;object name&amp;quot;. In fact, all the information needed to represent the history of a project is stored in objects with such names. In each case the name is calculated by taking the SHA-1 hash of the contents of the object. The SHA-1 hash is a cryptographic hash function. What that means to us is that it is impossible to find two different objects with the same name. This has a number of advantages; among others:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Mcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#understanding-commits">Understanding History: Commits</a> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; 40-&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;  &quot;object name&quot; . &Fcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;, &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&khcy; &scy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;. &Vcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &vcy;&ycy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &khcy;&ecy;&shcy;&acy; SHA-1 &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;. &KHcy;&iecy;&shcy; SHA-1 &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&rcy;&icy;&pcy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy; &khcy;&ecy;&shcy;-&fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;. &Dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;&scy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &dcy;&vcy;&acy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &scy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&mcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&yacy;&dcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&icy;&mcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;; &scy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;:</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="eafe11852f3f32ce849277916079d1a752fa0fed1b634b5642153dd7cae39cf5/13" data-source="Git can quickly determine whether two objects are identical or not, just by comparing names." onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy; &lcy;&icy; &dcy;&vcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&tcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&icy;&vcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="8448ba1e90e9954d7eb38fae6479860bce8aa0aad473a3c0e0aa4254edde380a/7e" data-source="Since object names are computed the same way in every repository, the same content stored in two repositories will always be stored under the same name." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;, &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &icy; &tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;, &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy;, &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy; &icy; &tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="dd26a2a28c8534d4835fce8ac3991731cb886eeb21bb62caf0c68b39f61e64ee/8e" data-source="Git can detect errors when it reads an object, by checking that the object&amp;rsquo;s name is still the SHA-1 hash of its contents." onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &chcy;&tcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&yacy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;-&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &khcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&mcy; SHA-1 &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;.</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> <p><span data-i18n="981811125069ecb0d0fbe6ba4730d92aaee5c455612c58e5ec80d900e38ad47e/e9" data-source="(See &lt;a href=&quot;#object-details&quot;&gt;Object storage format&lt;/a&gt; for the details of the object formatting and SHA-1 calculation.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">(&Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy; &fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &icy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&chcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; SHA-1 &scy;&mcy;. &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#object-details">Object storage format</a> .)</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="5793d2f9a892f7043b5ad9b6ddce700efd920397838719c345284d5e14b47205/42" data-source="There are four different types of objects: &amp;quot;blob&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;tree&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;commit&amp;quot;, and &amp;quot;tag&amp;quot;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &chcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ycy;&rcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;:  &quot;blob&quot; ,  &quot;tree&quot; ,  &quot;commit&quot;  &icy;  &quot;tag&quot; .</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="c94aac77ba66842ab0aa668231207e63700154a3ee225446c576d2238ffdc9e1/49" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_blob_object&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;blob&amp;quot; object&lt;/a&gt; is used to store file data." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_blob_object">&quot;blob&quot; object</a>  &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="8a12992268fa69a928e2e31bd7d9ac3315935f33bfff9fcecb4e160ed752ded6/84" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tree_object&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;tree&amp;quot; object&lt;/a&gt; ties one or more &amp;quot;blob&amp;quot; objects into a directory structure. In addition, a tree object can refer to other tree objects, thus creating a directory hierarchy." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_tree_object">&quot;tree&quot; object</a>  &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;  &quot;blob&quot;  &vcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ucy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Kcy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy; &icy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&yucy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="41fb172e1a8d5782be579fd3a6633ff5572c7a1625eb9d6139a8104b7ed9c651/b7" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit_object&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;commit&amp;quot; object&lt;/a&gt; ties such directory hierarchies together into a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_DAG&quot;&gt;directed acyclic graph&lt;/a&gt; of revisions&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;each commit contains the object name of exactly one tree designating the directory hierarchy at the time of the commit. In addition, a commit refers to &amp;quot;parent&amp;quot; commit objects that describe the history of how we arrived at that directory hierarchy." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_commit_object">&quot;commit&quot; object</a>  &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&icy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_DAG">directed acyclic graph</a>  &rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&jcy; &mdash; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&yacy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&yucy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy; &ncy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;. &Kcy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;  &quot;parent&quot; , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &mcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&shcy;&lcy;&icy; &kcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&icy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="ae2a136b0b7103f573a93828c42eee9376fdd41af5b3e93d99e24b49e804e369/74" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tag_object&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;tag&amp;quot; object&lt;/a&gt; symbolically identifies and can be used to sign other objects. It contains the object name and type of another object, a symbolic name (of course!) and, optionally, a signature." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_tag_object">&quot;tag&quot; object</a>  &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&tscy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&icy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Ocy;&ncy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &icy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; (&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;!) &icy;, &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&ocy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy;.</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> <p><span data-i18n="3617c403c7bb90f6c78ce1bb25025d9f0e659d08f93b98925696a0f6dfa379bf/51" data-source="The object types in some more detail:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy;&acy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;:</span></p> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="commit-object"><span data-i18n="c66f41cf32e16ac5510b5bdc4872b891823119c29fb7815804141da926603438/d2" data-source="Commit Object" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Commit Object</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="9c729e587fcddc72edfc5119aab7df2a63a276c2f616f078225577a6a6d3fb5d/3f" data-source="The &amp;quot;commit&amp;quot; object links a physical state of a tree with a description of how we got there and why. Use the &lt;code&gt;--pretty=raw&lt;/code&gt; option to &lt;a href=&quot;git-show&quot;&gt;git-show[1]&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;git-log&quot;&gt;git-log[1]&lt;/a&gt; to examine your favorite commit:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;  &quot;commit&quot;  &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &fcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &scy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &mcy;&ycy; &tcy;&ucy;&dcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;. &Icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;  <code>--pretty=raw</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy;  <a href="git-show.html">git-show[1]</a>  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  <a href="git-log.html">git-log[1]</a> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&icy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-sql">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">show</span> <span class="hljs-operator">-</span>s <span class="hljs-comment">--pretty=raw 2be7fcb476</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span> <span class="hljs-number">2</span>be7fcb4764f2dbcee52635b91fedb1b3dcf7ab4
tree fb3a8bdd0ceddd019615af4d57a53f43d8cee2bf
parent <span class="hljs-number">257</span>a84d9d02e90447b149af58b271c19405edb6a
author Dave Watson <span class="hljs-operator">&lt;</span>dwatson<span class="hljs-variable">@mimvista</span>.com<span class="hljs-operator">&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-number">1187576872</span> <span class="hljs-number">-0400</span>
committer Junio C Hamano <span class="hljs-operator">&lt;</span>gitster<span class="hljs-variable">@pobox</span>.com<span class="hljs-operator">&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-number">1187591163</span> <span class="hljs-number">-0700</span>

    Fix misspelling <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> <span class="hljs-string">&apos;suppress&apos;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> docs

    Signed<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>off<span class="hljs-operator">-</span><span class="hljs-keyword">by</span>: Junio C Hamano <span class="hljs-operator">&lt;</span>gitster<span class="hljs-variable">@pobox</span>.com<span class="hljs-operator">&gt;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="dd98ca62fce4ac35c5cb13096048eedc7a38e7296c68e7dc9121b144960d7f67/f7" data-source="As you can see, a commit is defined by:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;:</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="cbb3965ba3812d6be585193f35b29ce8b5d828e4e8a1392fbcce4facce2a61c8/3c" data-source="a tree: The SHA-1 name of a tree object (as defined below), representing the contents of a directory at a certain point in time." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;: &icy;&mcy;&yacy; SHA-1 &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; (&kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&icy;&zhcy;&iecy;), &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy; &vcy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="f38df28fc04a1b649a8e08fc39f4c940cb96416cf78942f097722d16c35d7f49/ee" data-source="parent(s): The SHA-1 name(s) of some number of commits which represent the immediately previous step(s) in the history of the project. The example above has one parent; merge commits may have more than one. A commit with no parents is called a &amp;quot;root&amp;quot; commit, and represents the initial revision of a project. Each project must have at least one root. A project can also have multiple roots, though that isn&amp;rsquo;t common (or necessarily a good idea)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;(&icy;): &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; SHA-1 &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &ncy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ycy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &shcy;&acy;&gcy;&icy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;. &Vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy; &ecy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;; &Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;. &Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy;  &quot;root&quot;  &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;. &Kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&yacy; &bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy;. &Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy;, &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; (&icy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &khcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&iecy;&jcy;).</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="c22a04317d7cc3d0f4c10355137ce2eca0391a5370503de96499ee32c3eb951c/6e" data-source="an author: The name of the person responsible for this change, together with its date." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;: &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &chcy;&iecy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&kcy;&acy;, &ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="c0547a9eaa4749ebe5f8bdff50f3e02fe7f05b777eca4790e3fabaf55d2bc0ec/15" data-source="a committer: The name of the person who actually created the commit, with the date it was done. This may be different from the author, for example, if the author was someone who wrote a patch and emailed it to the person who used it to create the commit." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;: &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &chcy;&iecy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&kcy;&acy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &scy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &dcy;&acy;&tcy;&ycy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy; &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy; &tcy;&ocy;&tcy;, &kcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&lcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy; &icy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy; &ecy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&tcy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="b1bb4ef63acd73ad958ac6c1f86fffa1fdbe6979b05f06ce54ea3da5d08626be/cf" data-source="a comment describing this commit." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;, &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;.</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> <p><span data-i18n="ed054af4d70d1008dd0f99311b6987af39a2a513eb86699b5f8e81af2dc42ad1/be" data-source="Note that a commit does not itself contain any information about what actually changed; all changes are calculated by comparing the contents of the tree referred to by this commit with the trees associated with its parents. In particular, Git does not attempt to record file renames explicitly, though it can identify cases where the existence of the same file data at changing paths suggests a rename. (See, for example, the &lt;code&gt;-M&lt;/code&gt; option to &lt;a href=&quot;git-diff&quot;&gt;git-diff[1]&lt;/a&gt;)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy; &scy;&iecy;&bcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&ocy;&scy;&softcy;; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&scy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &scy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;, &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &scy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;. &Vcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;,  Git  &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&ycy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &yacy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&yacy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&tscy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&khcy; &icy; &tcy;&iecy;&khcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&acy;&gcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;. (&Scy;&mcy;., &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &vcy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&acy;&ncy;&tcy;  <code>-M</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy;  <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff[1]</a> ).</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="e6142dd66c6c60b885aec118e52b956267b64932b23dfdfe8f0e6e11ba318e34/a8" data-source="A commit is usually created by &lt;a href=&quot;git-commit&quot;&gt;git-commit[1]&lt;/a&gt;, which creates a commit whose parent is normally the current HEAD, and whose tree is taken from the content currently stored in the index." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit[1]</a>  , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ecy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; HEAD, &acy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &bcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &vcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&iecy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="tree-object"><span data-i18n="c1c40c5663029cae5ff28dd397b67a133c1e52bb209e45ce7a9c94aba6eb3e0d/53" data-source="Tree Object" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Tree Object</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="e0472088c0aa3d9753f62b571b05b187230a942b2ddfc3a8ba4d79470260ee72/c2" data-source="The ever-versatile &lt;a href=&quot;git-show&quot;&gt;git-show[1]&lt;/a&gt; command can also be used to examine tree objects, but &lt;a href=&quot;git-ls-tree&quot;&gt;git-ls-tree[1]&lt;/a&gt; will give you more details:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ucy;&ncy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-show.html">git-show[1]</a>  &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &ncy;&ocy;  <a href="git-ls-tree.html">git-ls-tree[1]</a>  &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-sql">$ git ls<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>tree fb3a8bdd0ce
<span class="hljs-number">100644</span> <span class="hljs-type">blob</span> <span class="hljs-number">63</span>c918c667fa005ff12ad89437f2fdc80926e21c    .gitignore
<span class="hljs-number">100644</span> <span class="hljs-type">blob</span> <span class="hljs-number">5529</span>b198e8d14decbe4ad99db3f7fb632de0439d    .mailmap
<span class="hljs-number">100644</span> <span class="hljs-type">blob</span> <span class="hljs-number">6</span>ff87c4664981e4397625791c8ea3bbb5f2279a3    COPYING
<span class="hljs-number">040000</span> tree <span class="hljs-number">2</span>fb783e477100ce076f6bf57e4a6f026013dc745    Documentation
<span class="hljs-number">100755</span> <span class="hljs-type">blob</span> <span class="hljs-number">3</span>c0032cec592a765692234f1cba47dfdcc3a9200    GIT<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>VERSION<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>GEN
<span class="hljs-number">100644</span> <span class="hljs-type">blob</span> <span class="hljs-number">289</span>b046a443c0647624607d471289b2c7dcd470b    INSTALL
<span class="hljs-number">100644</span> <span class="hljs-type">blob</span> <span class="hljs-number">4</span>eb463797adc693dc168b926b6932ff53f17d0b1    Makefile
<span class="hljs-number">100644</span> <span class="hljs-type">blob</span> <span class="hljs-number">548142</span>c327a6790ff8821d67c2ee1eff7a656b52    README
...</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="fb57f57c26b1f4ab64f2120a6f4267ff42d3eb026d5ed371b9f3c401391b5f05/03" data-source="As you can see, a tree object contains a list of entries, each with a mode, object type, SHA-1 name, and name, sorted by name. It represents the contents of a single directory tree." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&iecy;&jcy;, &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &tcy;&icy;&pcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &icy;&mcy;&yacy; SHA-1 &icy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy;, &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;. &Ocy;&ncy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="1170121c87e5ef5242272859d39dd14138fdebe6775bd5c5c28b0f1628d9aa24/78" data-source="The object type may be a blob, representing the contents of a file, or another tree, representing the contents of a subdirectory. Since trees and blobs, like all other objects, are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, two trees have the same SHA-1 name if and only if their contents (including, recursively, the contents of all subdirectories) are identical. This allows Git to quickly determine the differences between two related tree objects, since it can ignore any entries with identical object names." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&icy;&pcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&mcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;, &icy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;. &Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy; &icy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;, &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &khcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&mcy; SHA-1 &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &dcy;&vcy;&acy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&tcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy; &tcy;&ocy; &zhcy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; SHA-1 &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &icy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &icy;&khcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; (&vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&yacy;, &rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy;) &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;. . &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;  Git  &bcy;&ycy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&yacy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&mcy;&yacy; &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &ocy;&ncy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&gcy;&ncy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ycy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&icy; &scy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="00d89e6ce0c7034f28946ff6fcdb3d599d4fe4f449f534834be980f66e699573/e3" data-source="(Note: in the presence of submodules, trees may also have commits as entries. See &lt;a href=&quot;#submodules&quot;&gt;Submodules&lt;/a&gt; for documentation.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">(&Pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;: &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&iecy;&jcy;. &Scy;&mcy;. &dcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#submodules">Submodules</a> .)</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="ce7f873df5a2ca4ebc2edfb6db14d0dfe5c5a44443b01768ca3bf65d3515f763/c0" data-source="Note that the files all have mode 644 or 755: Git actually only pays attention to the executable bit." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&tcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy; 644 &icy;&lcy;&icy; 755:  Git  &fcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &bcy;&icy;&tcy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="blob-object"><span data-i18n="64b250fe54c7a7dd69af87937616e208354b728ab38e8de3a68fd1fc3409d4ac/7c" data-source="Blob Object" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Blob Object</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="c436cc054c1bb72fd9527a703cbc20a2f49ddcf37ff093b5d481825e0c110411/f0" data-source="You can use &lt;a href=&quot;git-show&quot;&gt;git-show[1]&lt;/a&gt; to examine the contents of a blob; take, for example, the blob in the entry for &lt;code&gt;COPYING&lt;/code&gt; from the tree above:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="git-show.html">git-show[1]</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&softcy;&mcy;&iecy;&mcy;, &kcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ucy;, &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;  <code>COPYING</code>  &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-kotlin">$ git show 6ff87c4664

 Note that the only valid version of the GPL <span class="hljs-keyword">as</span> far <span class="hljs-keyword">as</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">this</span> project
 <span class="hljs-keyword">is</span> concerned <span class="hljs-keyword">is</span> _this_ particular version of the license (ie v2, not
 v2<span class="hljs-number">.2</span> or v3.x or whatever), unless explicitly otherwise stated.
...</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="543a51dc84c56c72f5c792816bd57d3b985121962b172e426ea6999ab94e3569/cc" data-source="A &amp;quot;blob&amp;quot; object is nothing but a binary blob of data. It doesn&amp;rsquo;t refer to anything else or have attributes of any kind." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;  &quot;blob&quot;  &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&kcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy;. &Ocy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&icy; &kcy; &chcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &icy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&bcy;&ucy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="1d9fc6f848abc0ef9e9f0e58aa42df5d07808e61f9f5a2184e26129825fea738/9e" data-source="Since the blob is entirely defined by its data, if two files in a directory tree (or in multiple different versions of the repository) have the same contents, they will share the same blob object. The object is totally independent of its location in the directory tree, and renaming a file does not change the object that file is associated with." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ocy;&jcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;&yucy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&vcy;&acy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy; &vcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy; (&icy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;) &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&tcy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy;, &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &icy; &tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;. &Ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;&yucy; &ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&tcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &icy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &kcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &scy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&mcy; &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a99af419e468e034d449657d2e17659dc705f3dbf811d73a72afe9979c9eb6e1/3d" data-source="Note that any tree or blob object can be examined using &lt;a href=&quot;git-show&quot;&gt;git-show[1]&lt;/a&gt; with the &amp;lt;revision&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;path&amp;gt; syntax. This can sometimes be useful for browsing the contents of a tree that is not currently checked out." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; blob &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-show.html">git-show[1]</a>  &scy; &scy;&icy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&mcy; &lt;revision&gt;:&lt;path&gt;. &Icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ocy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="trust"><span data-i18n="ade9248e0132b4112c81e94cce392e1068029bac214f23c79d10693e781a16f1/4c" data-source="Trust" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Trust</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="dd70e0c3a98b21335319188d9d83e52e52925d5a1885fd3b5e17595871d192dc/11" data-source="If you receive the SHA-1 name of a blob from one source, and its contents from another (possibly untrusted) source, you can still trust that those contents are correct as long as the SHA-1 name agrees. This is because the SHA-1 is designed so that it is infeasible to find different contents that produce the same hash." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; SHA-1 &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &icy;&zcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;, &acy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &mdash; &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; (&vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&dcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;) &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;, &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &ucy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; SHA-1 &scy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&acy;&scy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; SHA-1 &scy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy;, &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &icy; &tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &khcy;&ecy;&shcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="be16337df5bfbabfca73e795f1cd2370062cab07e9b29982b8cb834818ff7cdb/ea" data-source="Similarly, you need only trust the SHA-1 name of a top-level tree object to trust the contents of the entire directory that it refers to, and if you receive the SHA-1 name of a commit from a trusted source, then you can easily verify the entire history of commits reachable through parents of that commit, and all of those contents of the trees referred to by those commits." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Acy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; SHA-1 &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&yacy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&ncy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;, &icy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; SHA-1 &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy; &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;, &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &lcy;&iecy;&gcy;&kcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&yucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;, &acy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&iecy;&vcy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="fd9f95e5ab5820c5959299e657a2f0c00e5eed997603b8595c7da0a79399d8a3/93" data-source="So to introduce some real trust in the system, the only thing you need to do is to digitally sign just &lt;code&gt;one&lt;/code&gt; special note, which includes the name of a top-level commit. Your digital signature shows others that you trust that commit, and the immutability of the history of commits tells others that they can trust the whole history." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy; &scy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;, &iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &tscy;&icy;&fcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;  <code>one</code> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&yacy;. &Vcy;&acy;&shcy;&acy; &tscy;&icy;&fcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy;, &acy; &ncy;&iecy;&icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &gcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="df50781f1d8059fb791f09e347f6366260fb945f4fc897f6f53abdc37974292a/8f" data-source="In other words, you can easily validate a whole archive by just sending out a single email that tells the people the name (SHA-1 hash) of the top commit, and digitally sign that email using something like GPG/PGP." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &lcy;&iecy;&gcy;&kcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&vcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&vcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ecy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy;&mcy;&ocy;, &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; (&khcy;&ecy;&shcy; SHA-1) &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;, &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &tscy;&icy;&fcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &ecy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy;&mcy;&ucy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yacy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy; GPG/PGP.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="16a98a51e1b4e61889b605c02c787853fb00d3d6188a13158b38ba014bebc5e8/27" data-source="To assist in this, Git also provides the tag object&amp;hellip;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&chcy;&softcy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;,  Git  &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;&hellip;&ZeroWidthSpace;</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="tag-object"><span data-i18n="c9efc5313d017374ae84984b4e9dc84e515d1a9ab160bee5733bccb845dad2e3/5a" data-source="Tag Object" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Tag Object</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="85119145869fdc84ee35818082a9d200129408f4848be8008ffbabb7d5b67c89/cb" data-source="A tag object contains an object, object type, tag name, the name of the person (&amp;quot;tagger&amp;quot;) who created the tag, and a message, which may contain a signature, as can be seen using &lt;a href=&quot;git-cat-file&quot;&gt;git-cat-file[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;, &tcy;&icy;&pcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;, &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &chcy;&iecy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&kcy;&acy; ( &quot;tagger&quot; ), &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;, &icy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-cat-file.html">git-cat-file[1]</a> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-sql">$ git cat<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>file tag v1<span class="hljs-number">.5</span><span class="hljs-number">.0</span>
object <span class="hljs-number">437</span>b1b20df4b356c9342dac8d38849f24ef44f27
type <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span>
tag v1<span class="hljs-number">.5</span><span class="hljs-number">.0</span>
tagger Junio C Hamano <span class="hljs-operator">&lt;</span>junkio<span class="hljs-variable">@cox</span>.net<span class="hljs-operator">&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-number">1171411200</span> <span class="hljs-operator">+</span><span class="hljs-number">0000</span>

GIT <span class="hljs-number">1.5</span><span class="hljs-number">.0</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----">-----&Ncy;&Acy;&CHcy;&Acy;&Tcy;&SOFTcy; &Pcy;&Ocy;&Dcy;&Pcy;&Icy;&Scy;&SOFTcy; PGP-----</span>
Version: GnuPG v1<span class="hljs-number">.4</span><span class="hljs-number">.6</span> (GNU<span class="hljs-operator">/</span>Linux)

iD8DBQBF0lGqwMbZpPMRm5oRAuRiAJ9ohBLd7s2kqjkKlq1qqC57SbnmzQCdG4ui
nLE<span class="hljs-operator">/</span>L9aUXdWeTFPron96DLA<span class="hljs-operator">=</span>
<span class="hljs-operator">=</span><span class="hljs-number">2E+0</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" title="-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----">-----&Kcy;&Ocy;&Ncy;&IEcy;&TScy; &Pcy;&Ocy;&Dcy;&Pcy;&Icy;&Scy;&Icy; PGP-----</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="2ab6f0ebbc954ffb51d0cf2b3ba72f5d7d2ca348d2f2cd416f4748b52494bf7b/85" data-source="See the &lt;a href=&quot;git-tag&quot;&gt;git-tag[1]&lt;/a&gt; command to learn how to create and verify tag objects. (Note that &lt;a href=&quot;git-tag&quot;&gt;git-tag[1]&lt;/a&gt; can also be used to create &amp;quot;lightweight tags&amp;quot;, which are not tag objects at all, but just simple references whose names begin with &lt;code&gt;refs/tags/&lt;/code&gt;)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&mcy;. &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ucy;  <a href="git-tag.html">git-tag[1]</a> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy;. (&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;  <a href="git-tag.html">git-tag[1]</a>  &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  &quot;lightweight tags&quot; , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;-&tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &acy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;  <code>refs/tags/</code> ).</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="pack-files"><span data-i18n="521aae0d36a8e0a7bb3307c8e518e56d2ab1d3242dcc0d398cf44c189fcd5a5b/ce" data-source="How Git stores objects efficiently: pack files" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy;  Git  &ecy;&fcy;&fcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;: &ucy;&pcy;&acy;&kcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="8bb2330c1557bb6e842c8e4423d9e2d88259c30766b659b36e99f78a9d43fd6c/ed" data-source="Newly created objects are initially created in a file named after the object&amp;rsquo;s SHA-1 hash (stored in &lt;code&gt;.git/objects&lt;/code&gt;)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&iecy;, &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &vcy; &chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &khcy;&ecy;&shcy;&acy; SHA-1 &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; (&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;  <code>.git/objects</code> ).</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="ef78718b0d0b95b25a9ec9823ff66aacd3bde45ce6eb2fb26fe90c83b90791f5/e2" data-source="Unfortunately this system becomes inefficient once a project has a lot of objects. Try this on an old project:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy; &scy;&ocy;&zhcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy;, &ecy;&tcy;&acy; &scy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&ecy;&fcy;&fcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git count-objects
<span class="hljs-number">6930</span> objects, <span class="hljs-number">47620</span> kilobytes</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="914c8599ebb1c30f5dda5e4b2e5cc99cf483c92450688a234ae479af130c68f8/65" data-source="The first number is the number of objects which are kept in individual files. The second is the amount of space taken up by those &amp;quot;loose&amp;quot; objects." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy; &chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&ocy; &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;&khcy;. &Vcy;&ocy;-&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy;, &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&mcy; &mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;, &zcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;  &quot;loose&quot; .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="3eaeef60e6a3bed1ce8c6dbfe4b08b206e5ee32c1d0f3b195ecdea210b5c19ed/14" data-source="You can save space and make Git faster by moving these loose objects in to a &amp;quot;pack file&amp;quot;, which stores a group of objects in an efficient compressed format; the details of how pack files are formatted can be found in &lt;a href=&quot;gitformat-pack&quot;&gt;gitformat-pack[5]&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ecy;&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy; &ucy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ucy;  Git , &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &vcy;  &quot;pack file&quot; , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &gcy;&rcy;&ucy;&pcy;&pcy;&ucy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy; &ecy;&fcy;&fcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;; &Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &pcy;&acy;&kcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &vcy;  <a href="gitformat-pack.html">gitformat-pack[5]</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="fa18c4e5e8c5d097f917ec9c163484b02e041363df35ef875bc4e5ce8d6cf959/30" data-source="To put the loose objects into a pack, just run git repack:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ycy; &vcy; &pcy;&acy;&kcy;&iecy;&tcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&acy;&kcy;  git :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-yaml"><span class="hljs-string">$</span> <span class="hljs-string">git</span> <span class="hljs-string">repack</span>
<span class="hljs-attr">Counting objects:</span> <span class="hljs-number">6020</span><span class="hljs-string">,</span> <span class="hljs-string">done.</span>
<span class="hljs-string">Delta</span> <span class="hljs-string">compression</span> <span class="hljs-string">using</span> <span class="hljs-string">up</span> <span class="hljs-string">to</span> <span class="hljs-number">4</span> <span class="hljs-string">threads.</span>
<span class="hljs-attr">Compressing objects:</span> <span class="hljs-number">100</span><span class="hljs-string">%</span> <span class="hljs-string">(6020/6020),</span> <span class="hljs-string">done.</span>
<span class="hljs-attr">Writing objects:</span> <span class="hljs-number">100</span><span class="hljs-string">%</span> <span class="hljs-string">(6020/6020),</span> <span class="hljs-string">done.</span>
<span class="hljs-string">Total</span> <span class="hljs-number">6020</span> <span class="hljs-string">(delta</span> <span class="hljs-number">4070</span><span class="hljs-string">),</span> <span class="hljs-string">reused</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span> <span class="hljs-string">(delta</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span><span class="hljs-string">)</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="95d3e811980b87c8705d58075eb94bdc610029f66acbd69cb0abda5ed0e9b39f/5c" data-source="This creates a single &amp;quot;pack file&amp;quot; in .git/objects/pack/ containing all currently unpacked objects. You can then run" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;  &quot;pack file&quot;  &vcy; .git/objects/pack/, &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&pcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;. &Zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git prune</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="ce2842905e23ceded96e160f4cbaf9b75f20f4bf6c2f789b0ee7c6fbf06f178d/30" data-source="to remove any of the &amp;quot;loose&amp;quot; objects that are now contained in the pack. This will also remove any unreferenced objects (which may be created when, for example, you use &lt;code&gt;git reset&lt;/code&gt; to remove a commit). You can verify that the loose objects are gone by looking at the &lt;code&gt;.git/objects&lt;/code&gt; directory or by running" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;  &quot;loose&quot; , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &pcy;&acy;&kcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy;&kcy; (&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ycy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy;  <code>git reset</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;). &Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ucy;&bcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &icy;&scy;&chcy;&iecy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;  <code>.git/objects</code>  &icy;&lcy;&icy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git count-objects
<span class="hljs-number">0</span> objects, <span class="hljs-number">0</span> kilobytes</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="d9cf934cb7ecbde396177d99d9fc98d902a046e4a767184a7c2001eb1deb88b7/f2" data-source="Although the object files are gone, any commands that refer to those objects will work exactly as they did before." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&KHcy;&ocy;&tcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &icy;&scy;&chcy;&iecy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;, &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;, &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;, &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy; &zhcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &rcy;&acy;&ncy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="883ed58860287932cc93e9c2182320693fd0155f2c39e3a1962c30e8891dee3d/ef" data-source="The &lt;a href=&quot;git-gc&quot;&gt;git-gc[1]&lt;/a&gt; command performs packing, pruning, and more for you, so is normally the only high-level command you need." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-gc.html">git-gc[1]</a>  &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &ucy;&pcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&iecy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&iecy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&acy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="dangling-objects"><span data-i18n="a4f488b2604f7d8d7a0600d19238f35b1327410a5ca5c71d2b77690f1af3da16/5c" data-source="Dangling objects" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Dangling objects</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="a3cd0275f77ee069bb2bedd37334be311d1a2527c1d29be75b880379ba3cb969/48" data-source="The &lt;a href=&quot;git-fsck&quot;&gt;git-fsck[1]&lt;/a&gt; command will sometimes complain about dangling objects. They are not a problem." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-fsck.html">git-fsck[1]</a>  &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &zhcy;&acy;&lcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;. &Ocy;&ncy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ocy;&jcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="3d9c37130bc8075d13bf1d5dfc677e164d8e7122c97f721023a45578274fbabf/4b" data-source="The most common cause of dangling objects is that you&amp;rsquo;ve rebased a branch, or you have pulled from somebody else who rebased a branch&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;see &lt;a href=&quot;#cleaning-up-history&quot;&gt;Rewriting history and maintaining patch series&lt;/a&gt;. In that case, the old head of the original branch still exists, as does everything it pointed to. The branch pointer itself just doesn&amp;rsquo;t, since you replaced it with another one." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&chcy;&icy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &tcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ucy; &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &kcy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &mdash; &scy;&mcy;.  <a href="user-manual.html#cleaning-up-history">Rewriting history and maintaining patch series</a>  . &Vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&kcy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;, &ncy;&acy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;. &Scy;&acy;&mcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="226caa96a0830166ab6cfcfca893b8d8151e2d524532f047bb003da030c71b6c/54" data-source="There are also other situations that cause dangling objects. For example, a &amp;quot;dangling blob&amp;quot; may arise because you did a &lt;code&gt;git add&lt;/code&gt; of a file, but then, before you actually committed it and made it part of the bigger picture, you changed something else in that file and committed that &lt;strong&gt;updated&lt;/strong&gt; thing&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;the old state that you added originally ends up not being pointed to by any commit or tree, so it&amp;rsquo;s now a dangling blob object." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &icy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ycy;. &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;,  &quot;dangling blob&quot;  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;-&zcy;&acy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;  <code>git add</code>  &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;, &ncy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy; &fcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;&yucy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &shcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&rcy;&tcy;&icy;&ncy;&ycy;, &vcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&iecy; &icy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ucy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&softcy; &mdash; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;. &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;, &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &icy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&icy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; blob.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="ee520b9639a5ef3a00c593cdac18d65bad7ec79e69cdf225ea6fc7223fea676b/0a" data-source="Similarly, when the &amp;quot;ort&amp;quot; merge strategy runs, and finds that there are criss-cross merges and thus more than one merge base (which is fairly unusual, but it does happen), it will generate one temporary midway tree (or possibly even more, if you had lots of criss-crossing merges and more than two merge bases) as a temporary internal merge base, and again, those are real objects, but the end result will not end up pointing to them, so they end up &amp;quot;dangling&amp;quot; in your repository." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Acy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  &quot;ort&quot;  &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;, &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; (&chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &ncy;&ocy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;), &ocy;&ncy;&acy; &scy;&gcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ucy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; (&icy;&lcy;&icy;, &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &dcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &icy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&khcy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;) &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &icy; &ocy;&pcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &zhcy;&iecy;, &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;, &ncy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&icy;&khcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&kcy;&iecy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  &quot;dangling&quot; . &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;&shchcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="fee46ae372f0dcfe7755b537304933e71b8bc9cd14555ab46b5f58cf21aa0e73/c0" data-source="Generally, dangling objects aren&amp;rsquo;t anything to worry about. They can even be very useful: if you screw something up, the dangling objects can be how you recover your old tree (say, you did a rebase, and realized that you really didn&amp;rsquo;t want to&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;you can look at what dangling objects you have, and decide to reset your head to some old dangling state)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &tscy;&iecy;&lcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &ocy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&acy;&khcy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&tcy;&ocy;&icy;&tcy; &bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy;. &Ocy;&ncy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy;: &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;, &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&chcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; (&scy;&kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&mcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&yacy;&lcy;&icy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &mdash; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;, &icy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&yucy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&iecy;-&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&chcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;).</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="fec2a3c22491a8e05fc86e491c87e1dc4b731224a31de7178551f3d864fd99c3/6b" data-source="For commits, you can just use:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-scss">$ gitk &lt;dangling-commit-sha-goes-here&gt; <span class="hljs-attr">--not</span> <span class="hljs-attr">--all</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7a4d7b388453945932e44a8fd82eb26ee7fd1e6ac87b721da53a534f75c14163/98" data-source="This asks for all the history reachable from the given commit but not from any branch, tag, or other reference. If you decide it&amp;rsquo;s something you want, you can always create a new reference to it, e.g.," onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;, &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy;. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&ucy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-xml">$ git branch recovered-branch <span class="hljs-tag">&lt;<span class="hljs-name">dangling-commit-sha-goes-here</span>&gt;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="e8f7f6b7c8174d6fe30000786b7b9af9809bf8c972ffbaaf61ae387a9e55cdf1/97" data-source="For blobs and trees, you can&amp;rsquo;t do the same, but you can still examine them. You can just do" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy; &kcy;&acy;&pcy;&lcy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy; &icy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &ncy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy; &zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy;, &ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&khcy; &icy;&scy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;. &Tcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&shcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git show &lt;dangling-blob/tree-sha-goes-here&gt;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="c2637c1420da505cc006607a341cad1b1ee266af3e9ebef9f02206649d700292/20" data-source="to show what the contents of the blob were (or, for a tree, basically what the &lt;code&gt;ls&lt;/code&gt; for that directory was), and that may give you some idea of what the operation was that left that dangling object." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; (&icy;&lcy;&icy;, &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &vcy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;  <code>ls</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;), &icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="7061cfb312ecb40b222a235897e239a88486913f22cc7746805d11a2f0a2d660/a9" data-source="Usually, dangling blobs and trees aren&amp;rsquo;t very interesting. They&amp;rsquo;re almost always the result of either being a half-way mergebase (the blob will often even have the conflict markers from a merge in it, if you have had conflicting merges that you fixed up by hand), or simply because you interrupted a &lt;code&gt;git fetch&lt;/code&gt; with ^C or something like that, leaving &lt;code&gt;some&lt;/code&gt; of the new objects in the object database, but just dangling and useless." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&pcy;&lcy;&icy; &icy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;. &Ocy;&ncy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&tcy;&icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy; (&vcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &mcy;&acy;&rcy;&kcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ycy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &ocy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&rcy;&ucy;&chcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy;), &icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;  <code>git fetch</code>  &scy; ^C &icy;&lcy;&icy; &chcy;&iecy;&mcy;-&tcy;&ocy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;, &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yacy;  <code>some</code>  &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&iecy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; &icy; &bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="d57f3b156310ac0c9860bddbd0b540c2f95a8c006f76fc6e0c5a99fa8205aa7d/7a" data-source="Anyway, once you are sure that you&amp;rsquo;re not interested in any dangling state, you can just prune all unreachable objects:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&bcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&iecy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&chcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git prune</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="d3923f62f0dd25c205c5e7bcf0fc4feba772a6e42fcb03aeb3c5dad8df106045/88" data-source="and they&amp;rsquo;ll be gone. (You should only run &lt;code&gt;git prune&lt;/code&gt; on a quiescent repository&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;it&amp;rsquo;s kind of like doing a filesystem fsck recovery: you don&amp;rsquo;t want to do that while the filesystem is mounted. &lt;code&gt;git prune&lt;/code&gt; is designed not to cause any harm in such cases of concurrent accesses to a repository but you might receive confusing or scary messages.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&chcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;. (&Vcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>git prune</code>  &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy; &ncy;&iecy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&khcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; fsck: &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&tcy;&ocy;&icy;&tcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;, &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&acy;.  <code>git prune</code>  &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&yacy;&khcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&acy;. &vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;, &ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&bcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &scy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&gcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.)</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="recovering-from-repository-corruption"><span data-i18n="b7cfe565545204e7b2cfa47b9108cc49e90f759d5acd971f42be6ff8aca6d9c9/1c" data-source="Recovering from repository corruption" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="99e198436c7a1b9b07e8680e31b86cffcc14f679cf5d8020a45a688e93038cd1/91" data-source="By design, Git treats data trusted to it with caution. However, even in the absence of bugs in Git itself, it is still possible that hardware or operating system errors could corrupt data." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;  Git  &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &scy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;&yucy;. &Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &dcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&icy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy;&kcy; &vcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy;  Git  &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="7fc815c3f503d4538b67d4a43737ffeb89e5c63de3f0269a3bae4985537a493b/fe" data-source="The first defense against such problems is backups. You can back up a Git directory using clone, or just using cp, tar, or any other backup mechanism." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &zcy;&acy;&shchcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &ocy;&tcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;. &Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&yucy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;  Git  &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; cp, tar &icy;&lcy;&icy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &mcy;&iecy;&khcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&zcy;&mcy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="991aa3cf54cdb2ee180c0ca07847d0572f8fe68cd464a664b48e378cbfbb527e/63" data-source="As a last resort, you can search for the corrupted objects and attempt to replace them by hand. Back up your repository before attempting this in case you corrupt things even more in the process." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &kcy;&rcy;&acy;&jcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&icy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ycy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy; &vcy;&rcy;&ucy;&chcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy;. &Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&ycy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&yucy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&jcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="9fbcbe04b3cc781a19d415afc7e4109ea0777b3c7f0b980d47a7f4490cdbd97f/54" data-source="We&amp;rsquo;ll assume that the problem is a single missing or corrupted blob, which is sometimes a solvable problem. (Recovering missing trees and especially commits is &lt;strong&gt;much&lt;/strong&gt; harder)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Mcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&acy;&gcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy; &zcy;&acy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; BLOB-&ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ocy;&jcy;. (&Vcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy; &icy; &ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &gcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy;).</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="542372e3a9ccdaeeaed10581a9f730dff3a8dd54d4f5f71fef2cdb505a4a54e9/40" data-source="Before starting, verify that there is corruption, and figure out where it is with &lt;a href=&quot;git-fsck&quot;&gt;git-fsck[1]&lt;/a&gt;; this may be time-consuming." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &ucy;&bcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &icy; &vcy;&ycy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &gcy;&dcy;&iecy; &ocy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;  <a href="git-fsck.html">git-fsck[1]</a> ; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="20b93ab72fcfcbac512696af12e98f7a35f72e6319b41b866fff1dedc84c3062/fa" data-source="Assume the output looks like this:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy; &vcy;&ycy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-sql">$ git fsck <span class="hljs-comment">--full --no-dangling</span>
broken link <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span>    tree <span class="hljs-number">2</span>d9263c6d23595e7cb2a21e5ebbb53655278dff8
              <span class="hljs-keyword">to</span>    <span class="hljs-type">blob</span> <span class="hljs-number">4</span>b9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200
missing <span class="hljs-type">blob</span> <span class="hljs-number">4</span>b9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="c9c7457c025fd137dc72282da62b2fc22ba1c53694745050dab6a65100f1db9e/30" data-source="Now you know that blob 4b9458b3 is missing, and that the tree 2d9263c6 points to it. If you could find just one copy of that missing blob object, possibly in some other repository, you could move it into &lt;code&gt;.git/objects/4b/9458b3...&lt;/code&gt; and be done. Suppose you can&amp;rsquo;t. You can still examine the tree that pointed to it with &lt;a href=&quot;git-ls-tree&quot;&gt;git-ls-tree[1]&lt;/a&gt;, which might output something like:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; 4b9458b3 &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; 2d9263c6. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&yacy; &bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&yucy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; blob, &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;-&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&iecy; &vcy;  <code>.git/objects/4b/9458b3...</code>  &icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;. &Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &ncy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;. &Vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;, &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-ls-tree.html">git-ls-tree[1]</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-python-repl">$ git ls-tree 2d9263c6d23595e7cb2a21e5ebbb53655278dff8
100644 blob 8d14531846b95bfa3564b58ccfb7913a034323b8        .gitignore
100644 blob ebf9bf84da0aab5ed944264a5db2a65fe3a3e883        .mailmap
100644 blob ca442d313d86dc67e0a2e5d584b465bd382cbf5c        COPYING
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">...</span>
100644 blob 4b9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200        myfile
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">...</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="8021bae18f4a84e9edcd39247a5578d367abc0c61ab9c2f4ad99c4993c20e89a/84" data-source="So now you know that the missing blob was the data for a file named &lt;code&gt;myfile&lt;/code&gt;. And chances are you can also identify the directory&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;let&amp;rsquo;s say it&amp;rsquo;s in &lt;code&gt;somedirectory&lt;/code&gt;. If you&amp;rsquo;re lucky the missing copy might be the same as the copy you have checked out in your working tree at &lt;code&gt;somedirectory/myfile&lt;/code&gt;; you can test whether that&amp;rsquo;s right with &lt;a href=&quot;git-hash-object&quot;&gt;git-hash-object[1]&lt;/a&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&tcy;&acy;&kcy;, &tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ocy;&jcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>myfile</code> . &Icy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&yacy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy; &mdash; &scy;&kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&mcy;, &ocy;&ncy; &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;  <code>somedirectory</code> . &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&zcy;&iecy;&tcy;, &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&yacy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &zhcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy; &acy;&dcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&ucy;  <code>somedirectory/myfile</code> ; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &lcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;, &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-hash-object.html">git-hash-object[1]</a> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-python">$ git <span class="hljs-built_in">hash</span>-<span class="hljs-built_in">object</span> -w somedirectory/myfile</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="c889d5f21cf36c229bc25553a0897ce8594e853fb82e7638794716e34a4b4f50/b2" data-source="which will create and store a blob object with the contents of somedirectory/myfile, and output the SHA-1 of that object. if you&amp;rsquo;re extremely lucky it might be 4b9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200, in which case you&amp;rsquo;ve guessed right, and the corruption is fixed!" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy; &icy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; blob &scy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ycy;&mcy; somedirectory/myfile &icy; &vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; SHA-1 &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;. &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&zcy;&iecy;&tcy;, &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; 4b9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200, &icy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&gcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;!</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="e12b30bde8025cf6a9cc7e5f774f62580d372d294c7f226d73c85d011a252d6b/7f" data-source="Otherwise, you need more information. How do you tell which version of the file has been lost?" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;. &Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&ncy;&acy;?</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="c91cd159d6364bb87ea10f82021837947b0b731e098733aa2d0294c42ade5b7b/e1" data-source="The easiest way to do this is with:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> --raw --all --full-history -- somedirectory/myfile</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="6c5f7f873f87ba8277326c8416d5f470cc5cd94103253d742c5f0468e397443d/b5" data-source="Because you&amp;rsquo;re asking for raw output, you&amp;rsquo;ll now get something like" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-makefile">commit abc
<span class="hljs-section">Author:</span>
<span class="hljs-section">Date:</span>
...
:100644 100644 4b9458b newsha M somedirectory/myfile


commit xyz
<span class="hljs-section">Author:</span>
<span class="hljs-section">Date:</span>

...
:100644 100644 oldsha 4b9458b M somedirectory/myfile</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="a893a4ffa3defd86ab22b57e1d31a83de694351e2f548ba5c6e6203b2d3fcfdf/db" data-source="This tells you that the immediately following version of the file was &amp;quot;newsha&amp;quot;, and that the immediately preceding version was &amp;quot;oldsha&amp;quot;. You also know the commit messages that went with the change from oldsha to 4b9458b and with the change from 4b9458b to newsha." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &gcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy; &ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&mcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; &mdash;  &quot;newsha&quot; , &acy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ycy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; &mdash;  &quot;oldsha&quot; . &Vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&ocy;&shcy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy; &scy; oldsha &ncy;&acy; 4b9458b &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy; &scy; 4b9458b &ncy;&acy; newsha.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="3ed53668780d0e3fe81cfe802f67a008537c239cbe3f2cc42b019f1b50f24bc7/a1" data-source="If you&amp;rsquo;ve been committing small enough changes, you may now have a good shot at reconstructing the contents of the in-between state 4b9458b." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &khcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&shcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ucy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; 4b9458b.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="eea6e91caddf57d354eb53bae48b3359d169ab07ff2fa76d6129ad464ee1d122/0d" data-source="If you can do that, you can now recreate the missing object with" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-python">$ git <span class="hljs-built_in">hash</span>-<span class="hljs-built_in">object</span> -w &lt;recreated-file&gt;</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="5c71f0ed2affa1c872d299b14760b5a048530731ee9e2c0bee196e445028ea35/dd" data-source="and your repository is good again!" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy; &vcy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&kcy;&iecy;!</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="32223c9682a040401fd046471159defe2b61f12e75de4fca2aaf9a0645cd5282/92" data-source="(Btw, you could have ignored the &lt;code&gt;fsck&lt;/code&gt;, and started with doing a" onmousemove="i18n(this)">(&Kcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&gcy;&ncy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>fsck</code>  &icy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua">$ git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> <span class="hljs-comment">--raw --all</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="cc318d04a0009340bf578a7ac66f3f12bbbc46c4be2602e5cf8e2c85b31dbd61/2a" data-source="and just looked for the sha of the missing object (4b9458b) in that whole thing. It&amp;rsquo;s up to you&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;Git does &lt;strong&gt;have&lt;/strong&gt; a lot of information, it is just missing one particular blob version." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy; &shcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; (4b9458b) &vcy;&ocy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&mcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;. &Rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &mdash; &vcy; Git &dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &khcy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;.</span></p> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="the-index"><span data-i18n="9a7cfd00fedabde3961b08e0de1b6636430c90c21c926cde1cb9175019ff14d6/83" data-source="The index" onmousemove="i18n(this)">The index</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="b410d286cf3e38eea73d850a55f4e78f6768188f94156238fa5d0c27403941e3/6f" data-source="The index is a binary file (generally kept in &lt;code&gt;.git/index&lt;/code&gt;) containing a sorted list of path names, each with permissions and the SHA-1 of a blob object; &lt;a href=&quot;git-ls-files&quot;&gt;git-ls-files[1]&lt;/a&gt; can show you the contents of the index:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; (&ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;  <code>.git/index</code> ), &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy; SHA-1 &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; blob;  <a href="git-ls-files.html">git-ls-files[1]</a>  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">$ git ls-files --stage
100644 63c918c667fa005ff12ad89437f2fdc80926e21c 0        .gitignore
100644 5529b198e8d14decbe4ad99db3f7fb632de0439d 0        .mailmap
100644 6ff87c4664981e4397625791c8ea3bbb5f2279a3 0        COPYING
100644 a37b2152bd26be2c2289e1f57a292534a51a93c7 0        Documentation/.gitignore
100644 fbefe9a45b00a54b58d94d06eca48b03d40a50e0 0        Documentation/Makefile
...
100644 2511aef8d89ab52be5ec6a5e46236b4b6bcd07ea 0        xdiff/xtypes.h
100644 2ade97b2574a9f77e7ae4002a4e07a6a38e46d07 0        xdiff/xutils.c
100644 d5de8292e05e7c36c4b68857c1cf9855e3d2f70a 0        xdiff/xutils.h</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="a8560eb820c1d81ef4a15b5c0eb0f37de0bcc32d471f7a85d7be65957c59c36c/5d" data-source="Note that in older documentation you may see the index called the &amp;quot;current directory cache&amp;quot; or just the &amp;quot;cache&amp;quot;. It has three important properties:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &dcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;  &quot;current directory cache&quot;  &icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;  &quot;cache&quot; . &Ocy;&ncy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &tcy;&rcy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy;:</span></p> <div> <ol> <li> <p><span data-i18n="25f1d117812501b3e0985e3d5d66f4597f8ced938f415104176071678708d44f/63" data-source="The index contains all the information necessary to generate a single (uniquely determined) tree object." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &vcy;&scy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;, &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ucy;&yucy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; (&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;) &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="8d3f534cbba92fdaaed57e4d31e70893ca5aae1c116c1437e6d0176b6cd9d004/14" data-source="For example, running &lt;a href=&quot;git-commit&quot;&gt;git-commit[1]&lt;/a&gt; generates this tree object from the index, stores it in the object database, and uses it as the tree object associated with the new commit." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;  <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit[1]</a>  &gcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &icy;&zcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;, &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&iecy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="dac485961ddd3b595ea174cae93dcbfdf8feedc6751901c41db711c39b8f898d/21" data-source="The index enables fast comparisons between the tree object it defines and the working tree." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&mcy; &icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &icy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&mcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="48942a11026eff14dabad25467726b1a7f19514e0562784aeb65300426e5c857/f1" data-source="It does this by storing some additional data for each entry (such as the last modified time). This data is not displayed above, and is not stored in the created tree object, but it can be used to determine quickly which files in the working directory differ from what was stored in the index, and thus save Git from having to read all of the data from such files to look for changes." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&jcy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&icy; (&ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;). &Ecy;&tcy;&icy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; &icy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &ncy;&ocy; &scy; &icy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&ocy;&scy;&softcy; &vcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&iecy;, &icy; &tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&mcy; &icy;&zcy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  Git  &ocy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&icy;&scy;&kcy;&acy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="2e196489492f0c56befd9e83030bc8e10baea4ff47abb682ed7aad5b0b897753/3a" data-source="It can efficiently represent information about merge conflicts between different tree objects, allowing each pathname to be associated with sufficient information about the trees involved that you can create a three-way merge between them." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&ncy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ecy;&fcy;&fcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&khcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&yacy; &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy; &scy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy; &ocy; &zcy;&acy;&dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy;&khcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &ncy;&icy;&mcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="e1b64fe6cf27d4e419077b5814b75be818da269b72807fd421ccbd7167bcf62b/48" data-source="We saw in &lt;a href=&quot;#conflict-resolution&quot;&gt;Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge&lt;/a&gt; that during a merge the index can store multiple versions of a single file (called &amp;quot;stages&amp;quot;). The third column in the &lt;a href=&quot;git-ls-files&quot;&gt;git-ls-files[1]&lt;/a&gt; output above is the stage number, and will take on values other than 0 for files with merge conflicts." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#conflict-resolution">Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge</a>  &mcy;&ycy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy; (&ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;  &quot;stages&quot; ). &Tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&icy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&bcy;&iecy;&tscy; &vcy; &vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;  <a href="git-ls-files.html">git-ls-files[1]</a>  &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&dcy;&icy;&icy;. &Ocy;&ncy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &ocy;&tcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy; 0, &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &scy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> </li> </ol> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7dcefe3dcbd8b557a559802e9e39806d8c8fb5ac7af1ad2097f3155e5aaa4cb4/c4" data-source="The index is thus a sort of temporary staging area, which is filled with a tree which you are in the process of working on." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ucy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;&yucy;, &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &ncy;&acy;&dcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="d9236b48255f9ba39bbf4903f8ddcd90567adb48402ba7e3c61905c61d22f6b1/06" data-source="If you blow the index away entirely, you generally haven&amp;rsquo;t lost any information as long as you have the name of the tree that it described." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;&yucy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;, &vcy;&ycy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&ocy;, &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &ocy;&ncy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;.</span></p> </div> </div> <h2 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="submodules"><span data-i18n="164d7e819605edf514e288a42414763d89425de061681e362909e064c857d7ea/21" data-source="Submodules" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Submodules</span></h2> <div> <p><span data-i18n="9d5ef4384736b5722467757a81923a65677c422d1987cb028adf4331f1ee971b/14" data-source="Large projects are often composed of smaller, self-contained modules. For example, an embedded Linux distribution&amp;rsquo;s source tree would include every piece of software in the distribution with some local modifications; a movie player might need to build against a specific, known-working version of a decompression library; several independent programs might all share the same build scripts." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&tcy; &icy;&zcy; &ncy;&iecy;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&khcy; &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy;. &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&bcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy; Linux &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy; &scy;&iecy;&bcy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&bcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy; &scy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&gcy;&rcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yucy; &fcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&mcy;&ocy;&vcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy;, &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &bcy;&icy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&pcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy;; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;&mcy;&ycy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy; &icy; &tcy;&iecy; &zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &scy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="d37703729ee2fc4e45abd97a190c3df4f306eed4d1656466c788e7c26dc32693/f8" data-source="With centralized revision control systems this is often accomplished by including every module in one single repository. Developers can check out all modules or only the modules they need to work with. They can even modify files across several modules in a single commit while moving things around or updating APIs and translations." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&gcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;. &Rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&icy;, &scy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &icy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;. &Ocy;&ncy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &dcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &vcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy;&khcy; &zcy;&acy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yacy; API &icy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ycy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="03f85ee87bc117f8e784cfecec8a75c9aa734fef16790c3e2e9078911b13bf83/f1" data-source="Git does not allow partial checkouts, so duplicating this approach in Git would force developers to keep a local copy of modules they are not interested in touching. Commits in an enormous checkout would be slower than you&amp;rsquo;d expect as Git would have to scan every directory for changes. If modules have a lot of local history, clones would take forever." onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git  &ncy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &dcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;  Git  &vcy;&ycy;&ncy;&ucy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &kcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&mcy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ycy;. &Fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&kcy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &mcy;&iecy;&dcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy;, &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy; &ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy;  Git  &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;&kcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy; &mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&jcy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&iecy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="09c8291d94c7d5e6615ce44a993bb7db1724ec15418326f3069100e2fd7238d9/42" data-source="On the plus side, distributed revision control systems can much better integrate with external sources. In a centralized model, a single arbitrary snapshot of the external project is exported from its own revision control and then imported into the local revision control on a vendor branch. All the history is hidden. With distributed revision control you can clone the entire external history and much more easily follow development and re-merge local changes." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ycy;, &rcy;&acy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &gcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&ocy; &lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&shcy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&shcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;. &Vcy; &tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&kcy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&shcy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &ecy;&kcy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &icy;&mcy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy; &vcy; &fcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&shchcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;. &Vcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&kcy;&rcy;&ycy;&tcy;&acy;. &Bcy;&lcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&dcy;&acy;&rcy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&yucy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&shcy;&ncy;&yucy;&yucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &icy; &gcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&ocy; &lcy;&iecy;&gcy;&chcy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &zcy;&acy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="9982e1b0bf2e6dda0190facdb370b7ae895e531a961330e827e9c6c85a513901/79" data-source="Git&amp;rsquo;s submodule support allows a repository to contain, as a subdirectory, a checkout of an external project. Submodules maintain their own identity; the submodule support just stores the submodule repository location and commit ID, so other developers who clone the containing project (&amp;quot;superproject&amp;quot;) can easily clone all the submodules at the same revision. Partial checkouts of the superproject are possible: you can tell Git to clone none, some or all of the submodules." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&kcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy;  Git  &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&shcy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;. &Scy;&ucy;&bcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&icy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&ucy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&kcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy; &icy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&icy;, &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; ( &quot;superproject&quot; ), &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &lcy;&iecy;&gcy;&kcy;&ocy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy; &tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy;. &Vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;: &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  Git  &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&icy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;, &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="7e8ef0cd960e5784bd5676daac0a8c255dabff1613c6f1b4b4e6b706e6dcb134/69" data-source="The &lt;a href=&quot;git-submodule&quot;&gt;git-submodule[1]&lt;/a&gt; command is available since Git 1.5.3. Users with Git 1.5.2 can look up the submodule commits in the repository and manually check them out; earlier versions won&amp;rsquo;t recognize the submodules at all." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule[1]</a>  &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;  Git  1.5.3. &Pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;  Git  1.5.2 &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy; &vcy;&rcy;&ucy;&chcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy;; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; &vcy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="e3042d7ed362517b9c06f2875909eaea0327cb47028fbdd98da545caab205929/8c" data-source="To see how submodule support works, create four example repositories that can be used later as a submodule:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&kcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ycy;&rcy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-bash">$ <span class="hljs-built_in">mkdir</span> ~/git
$ <span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> ~/git
$ <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> i <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> a b c d
<span class="hljs-keyword">do</span>
        <span class="hljs-built_in">mkdir</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$i</span>
        <span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$i</span>
        git init
        <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;module <span class="hljs-variable">$i</span>&quot;</span> &gt; <span class="hljs-variable">$i</span>.txt
        git add <span class="hljs-variable">$i</span>.txt
        git commit -m <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Initial commit, submodule <span class="hljs-variable">$i</span>&quot;</span>
        <span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> ..
<span class="hljs-keyword">done</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="12539c14d73e42c5cfb8113e9dd9846aeba5bf556168bbc767a340c54109b9bb/ba" data-source="Now create the superproject and add all the submodules:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &icy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&icy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>mkdir <span class="hljs-variable language_">super</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>cd <span class="hljs-variable language_">super</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git init
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span><span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> i <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> a b c d
<span class="hljs-keyword">do</span>
        git submodule add ~<span class="hljs-regexp">/git/</span><span class="hljs-variable">$i</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$i</span>
done</pre> </div> </div> <div> <div class="table-responsive"><table class="table"> <tr> <td> <div><span data-i18n="d8da2c49df39d91df7ecd199b92da7bf264f026242ccc69b08daeadfe587c45b/a2" data-source="Note" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Note</span></div> </td> <td><span data-i18n="dbec376004209170a68f7541ce43791010ed013e5b1497ebc5dd3cb0fdbf32e0/14" data-source="Do not use local URLs here if you plan to publish your superproject!" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; URL-&acy;&dcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&acy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&lcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;!</span></td> </tr> </table></div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="4430aca72c800cac93b5347a7801f0d50965acf9101f7ddecfe0b812719584ae/c7" data-source="See what files &lt;code&gt;git submodule&lt;/code&gt; created:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;  <code>git submodule</code> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">ls</span> -a</span>
.  ..  .git  .gitmodules  a  b  c  d</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="8392225feeec204f0b22e5091132c812dd00520154206972c5c00b56faa4e553/8d" data-source="The &lt;code&gt;git submodule add &amp;lt;repo&amp;gt; &amp;lt;path&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; command does a couple of things:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <code>git submodule add &lt;repo&gt; &lt;path&gt;</code>  &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy;:</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="49f39e708131eca13ad5c6d303c8f85b75f5c48ce4cb801c7a2ba5b327819b88/f3" data-source="It clones the submodule from &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;repo&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; to the given &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;path&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; under the current directory and by default checks out the master branch." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&ncy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;  <code>&lt;repo&gt;</code>  &vcy; &zcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy;  <code>&lt;path&gt;</code>  &vcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &gcy;&lcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="c2cd59fcf9a275eaeaa8f11b60f54c4f402cc0b3e839ca21bf908d6fd9159843/f8" data-source="It adds the submodule&amp;rsquo;s clone path to the &lt;a href=&quot;gitmodules&quot;&gt;gitmodules[5]&lt;/a&gt; file and adds this file to the index, ready to be committed." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&ncy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ucy;  <a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules[5]</a>  &icy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &vcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;, &gcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="f30bb893f1339a11fc04d7adee1157325f6f3a0c582fcb5963234b30ee149d24/71" data-source="It adds the submodule&amp;rsquo;s current commit ID to the index, ready to be committed." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&ncy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy;, &gcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;.</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> <p><span data-i18n="27009314df610bc6ebd718e8ba75f04cc742fe063bae5b15782abf55368fefb3/9d" data-source="Commit the superproject:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git commit -m <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Add submodules a, b, c and d.&quot;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="8988b2d7305949f517af80b96285ff9481054927a75cfb786b54aeafae5c2c88/f2" data-source="Now clone the superproject:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> ..</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">clone</span> super cloned</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> cloned</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="6417c3908616594d7121d8c780a818ed537e5948667e033c8b2af31da1e27e8b/5e" data-source="The submodule directories are there, but they&amp;rsquo;re empty:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&ycy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-diff">$ ls -a a
.  ..
$ git submodule status
<span class="hljs-deletion">-d266b9873ad50488163457f025db7cdd9683d88b a</span>
<span class="hljs-deletion">-e81d457da15309b4fef4249aba9b50187999670d b</span>
<span class="hljs-deletion">-c1536a972b9affea0f16e0680ba87332dc059146 c</span>
<span class="hljs-deletion">-d96249ff5d57de5de093e6baff9e0aafa5276a74 d</span></pre> </div> </div> <div> <div class="table-responsive"><table class="table"> <tr> <td> <div><span data-i18n="d8da2c49df39d91df7ecd199b92da7bf264f026242ccc69b08daeadfe587c45b/a2" data-source="Note" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Note</span></div> </td> <td><span data-i18n="5ed87933b8aec743b7b5ae3fc865c0f9bb04068b8711fa61097275d3fc7f7af6/5c" data-source="The commit object names shown above would be different for you, but they should match the HEAD commit object names of your repositories. You can check it by running &lt;code&gt;git ls-remote ../a&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy;, &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; HEAD &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&vcy;. &Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;  <code>git ls-remote ../a</code> .</span></td> </tr> </table></div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="0bb140033b5fc12340326b07d85c578a470ce7cb137ef68d17ff2dba28bc3019/fe" data-source="Pulling down the submodules is a two-step process. First run &lt;code&gt;git submodule
init&lt;/code&gt; to add the submodule repository URLs to &lt;code&gt;.git/config&lt;/code&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&ucy;&bcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&khcy;&ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;. &Scy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>git submodule
init</code> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; URL-&acy;&dcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;  <code>.git/config</code> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-csharp">$ git submodule <span class="hljs-keyword">init</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="c95ce1ef88ec17c850bff80530a5ce3fd56b0044c00a4accedaf60bc38fbf9d4/46" data-source="Now use &lt;code&gt;git submodule update&lt;/code&gt; to clone the repositories and check out the commits specified in the superproject:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>git submodule update</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&vcy; &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy; &scy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git submodule update</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> a</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">ls</span> -a</span>
.  ..  .git  a.txt</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="59d6107bb04d4080f0013b1bf02436e621ee278f9c06f7a3463a2eabfbcd4a10/b8" data-source="One major difference between &lt;code&gt;git submodule update&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;git submodule add&lt;/code&gt; is that &lt;code&gt;git submodule update&lt;/code&gt; checks out a specific commit, rather than the tip of a branch. It&amp;rsquo;s like checking out a tag: the head is detached, so you&amp;rsquo;re not working on a branch." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy;  <code>git submodule update</code>  &icy;  <code>git submodule add</code>  &zcy;&acy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;  <code>git submodule update</code>  &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &acy; &ncy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&khcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&kcy;&ucy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;: &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &vcy;&ycy; &ncy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&dcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;.</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-csharp">$ git branch
* (detached <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> d266b98)
  master</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="180895b195e01049cb4c62613fb73362eafc1b1edf7061abd3b25c9ac171950a/62" data-source="If you want to make a change within a submodule and you have a detached head, then you should create or checkout a branch, make your changes, publish the change within the submodule, and then update the superproject to reference the new commit:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy; &icy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;, &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&iecy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&ncy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&lcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-cpp">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">switch</span> master</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7175517a370b5cd2e664e3fd29c4ea9db5ce17058eb9772fe090a5485e49dad6/33" data-source="or" onmousemove="i18n(this)">or</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-r"><span class="hljs-operator">$</span> git <span class="hljs-built_in">switch</span> <span class="hljs-operator">-</span><span class="hljs-built_in">c</span> fix<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>up</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="21af6f1260f927f5b9b3ff5ca4a5d19493a1a47a5977240d8dca31bc47a63527/0b" data-source="then" onmousemove="i18n(this)">then</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;adding a line again&quot;</span> &gt;&gt; a.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git commit -a -m <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Updated the submodule from within the superproject.&quot;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git push</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> ..</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git diff</span>
diff --git a/a b/a
index d266b98..261dfac 160000
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit d266b9873ad50488163457f025db7cdd9683d88b
+Subproject commit 261dfac35cb99d380eb966e102c1197139f7fa24
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git add a</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git commit -m <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Updated submodule a.&quot;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git push</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="2fcf58af5cec7628347e063d069d25b2b62385b358b5ec52a2d9eeb9bce6b3c3/a2" data-source="You have to run &lt;code&gt;git submodule update&lt;/code&gt; after &lt;code&gt;git pull&lt;/code&gt; if you want to update submodules, too." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>git submodule update</code>  &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;  <code>git pull</code> , &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&icy;.</span></p> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="pitfalls-with-submodules"><span data-i18n="9c7110de8aae83eb0533c0cfcfd1a98674fa36ab65997bdeb56527406a9e1b65/a3" data-source="Pitfalls with submodules" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&mcy;&ncy;&icy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="d0cb17adf6a0f67802c0c73b678a70250946260b8bf9e3dc14f2830f4052888b/31" data-source="Always publish the submodule change before publishing the change to the superproject that references it. If you forget to publish the submodule change, others won&amp;rsquo;t be able to clone the repository:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &pcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy; &pcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &scy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy;, &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> ~/git/super/a</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> i added another line to this file &gt;&gt; a.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git commit -a -m <span class="hljs-string">&quot;doing it wrong this time&quot;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> ..</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git add a</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git commit -m <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Updated submodule a again.&quot;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git push</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> ~/git/cloned</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git pull</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git submodule update</span>
error: pathspec &apos;261dfac35cb99d380eb966e102c1197139f7fa24&apos; did not match any file(s) known to git.
Did you forget to &apos;git add&apos;?
Unable to checkout &apos;261dfac35cb99d380eb966e102c1197139f7fa24&apos; in submodule path &apos;a&apos;</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="0c53142fca26d493e9db38f86f6269f648e202e3fe48321aad7c7f5bc02686a5/03" data-source="In older Git versions it could be easily forgotten to commit new or modified files in a submodule, which silently leads to similar problems as not pushing the submodule changes. Starting with Git 1.7.0 both &lt;code&gt;git status&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;git diff&lt;/code&gt; in the superproject show submodules as modified when they contain new or modified files to protect against accidentally committing such a state. &lt;code&gt;git
diff&lt;/code&gt; will also add a &lt;code&gt;-dirty&lt;/code&gt; to the work tree side when generating patch output or used with the &lt;code&gt;--submodule&lt;/code&gt; option:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy;  Git  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &lcy;&iecy;&gcy;&kcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &vcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &kcy; &tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;&mcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &vcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;. &Ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;  Git  1.7.0, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  <code>git status</code> , &tcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy;  <code>git diff</code>  &vcy; &scy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&icy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&shchcy;&icy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&jcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;.  <code>git
diff</code>  &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;  <code>-dirty</code>  &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&acy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &scy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy;  <code>--submodule</code> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-diff">$ git diff
<span class="hljs-comment">diff --git a/sub b/sub</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">--- a/sub</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">+++ b/sub</span>
@@ -1 +1 @@
<span class="hljs-deletion">-Subproject commit 3f356705649b5d566d97ff843cf193359229a453</span>
<span class="hljs-addition">+Subproject commit 3f356705649b5d566d97ff843cf193359229a453-dirty</span>
$ git diff --submodule
Submodule sub 3f35670..3f35670-dirty:</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7ef77242554ad8149059efe293a6d4dc870b2b48f92f4bc67c21549c49e9c4a1/fe" data-source="You also should not rewind branches in a submodule beyond commits that were ever recorded in any superproject." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&acy;&mcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&icy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&ycy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &scy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="85ec8ae2e5c9f0bd9290b1b887294963622e84dc328ff3170fc1b727caefa73e/17" data-source="It&amp;rsquo;s not safe to run &lt;code&gt;git submodule update&lt;/code&gt; if you&amp;rsquo;ve made and committed changes within a submodule without checking out a branch first. They will be silently overwritten:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&iecy;&bcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ocy;&pcy;&acy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>git submodule update</code> , &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &icy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy;, &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&vcy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;. &Ocy;&ncy;&icy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&ycy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cat</span> a.txt</span>
module a
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> line added from private2 &gt;&gt; a.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git commit -a -m <span class="hljs-string">&quot;line added inside private2&quot;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> ..</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git submodule update</span>
Submodule path &apos;a&apos;: checked out &apos;d266b9873ad50488163457f025db7cdd9683d88b&apos;
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> a</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cat</span> a.txt</span>
module a</pre> </div> </div> <div> <div class="table-responsive"><table class="table"> <tr> <td> <div><span data-i18n="d8da2c49df39d91df7ecd199b92da7bf264f026242ccc69b08daeadfe587c45b/a2" data-source="Note" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Note</span></div> </td> <td><span data-i18n="63332fa6d0b437121189f8a8d29b3bf8e4bc8978f4d8f4ed119d21ea60073d36/64" data-source="The changes are still visible in the submodule&amp;rsquo;s reflog." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;-&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy; &vcy; &zhcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy;.</span></td> </tr> </table></div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="03b30e4e73e03803736519a24f392c24dc11c5f25884bc1532a4e2938e1782d8/d1" data-source="If you have uncommitted changes in your submodule working tree, &lt;code&gt;git
submodule update&lt;/code&gt; will not overwrite them. Instead, you get the usual warning about not being able switch from a dirty branch." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&iecy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy;,  <code>git
submodule update</code>  &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&khcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;. &Vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy; &gcy;&rcy;&yacy;&zcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;.</span></p> </div> </div> <h2 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="low-level-operations"><span data-i18n="5a7c798aabaa961ba8da3f503fc9820d92559129b92513fcf9d2a6b1c5cd555d/5a" data-source="Low-level git operations" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&icy;&zcy;&kcy;&ocy;&ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;  git</span></h2> <div> <p><span data-i18n="0a73329bcea075b14f13329f9063ec88e12e5d95186a7f7566d5af23774f0701/2e" data-source="Many of the higher-level commands were originally implemented as shell scripts using a smaller core of low-level Git commands. These can still be useful when doing unusual things with Git, or just as a way to understand its inner workings." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&icy; &rcy;&iecy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ycy; &vcy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy; &scy;&tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&vcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&icy; &scy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &yacy;&dcy;&rcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy; &ncy;&icy;&zcy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&yacy;  Git . &Ocy;&ncy;&icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&jcy; &scy;  Git  &icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&yucy;&yucy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ucy;.</span></p> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="object-manipulation"><span data-i18n="1524fc69b32616243c9cde18e68bd9034ad93f0067dde85cb9f20053d24ba72a/d9" data-source="Object access and manipulation" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy; &kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy; &icy; &mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&pcy;&ucy;&lcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&icy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="6d68e83ba23377180034d5bc25f1787d3cd3cee48f2489a582b72f1c04ecc88f/5a" data-source="The &lt;a href=&quot;git-cat-file&quot;&gt;git-cat-file[1]&lt;/a&gt; command can show the contents of any object, though the higher-level &lt;a href=&quot;git-show&quot;&gt;git-show[1]&lt;/a&gt; is usually more useful." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-cat-file.html">git-cat-file[1]</a>  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-show.html">git-show[1]</a>  &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="4715bb413a98e74e18af96b410462a799e327a87c678f386cb21963a78f123d2/92" data-source="The &lt;a href=&quot;git-commit-tree&quot;&gt;git-commit-tree[1]&lt;/a&gt; command allows constructing commits with arbitrary parents and trees." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree[1]</a>  &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &scy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy; &icy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="c960a3bc32c180686012e6938d2a1a19793351a54cc6d23aa8050747446103ec/b9" data-source="A tree can be created with &lt;a href=&quot;git-write-tree&quot;&gt;git-write-tree[1]&lt;/a&gt; and its data can be accessed by &lt;a href=&quot;git-ls-tree&quot;&gt;git-ls-tree[1]&lt;/a&gt;. Two trees can be compared with &lt;a href=&quot;git-diff-tree&quot;&gt;git-diff-tree[1]&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree[1]</a> , &acy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy; &kcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-ls-tree.html">git-ls-tree[1]</a> . &Dcy;&vcy;&acy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;  <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree[1]</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="94fbb3408659d4a7cec65ffef20bb08960fdf0ec27751f5a1b50c20941da8d0a/d9" data-source="A tag is created with &lt;a href=&quot;git-mktag&quot;&gt;git-mktag[1]&lt;/a&gt;, and the signature can be verified by &lt;a href=&quot;git-verify-tag&quot;&gt;git-verify-tag[1]&lt;/a&gt;, though it is normally simpler to use &lt;a href=&quot;git-tag&quot;&gt;git-tag[1]&lt;/a&gt; for both." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&iecy;&gcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-mktag.html">git-mktag[1]</a> , &acy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-verify-tag.html">git-verify-tag[1]</a> , &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="git-tag.html">git-tag[1]</a> .</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="the-workflow"><span data-i18n="e7450d3598cec3acb48a526c07726e316e15ae3e7f7e3cfeb0ca1cdb2fe8e11f/56" data-source="The Workflow" onmousemove="i18n(this)">The Workflow</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="fe1ffd3c87cba8dbb976e4def8a0a2a31f006f38e18e22d8e841f59a5e512696/ea" data-source="High-level operations such as &lt;a href=&quot;git-commit&quot;&gt;git-commit[1]&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;git-restore&quot;&gt;git-restore[1]&lt;/a&gt; work by moving data between the working tree, the index, and the object database. Git provides low-level operations which perform each of these steps individually." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&yacy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit[1]</a>  &icy;  <a href="git-restore.html">git-restore[1]</a> , &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ocy;&mcy; &icy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&jcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;.  Git  &ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &ncy;&icy;&zcy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&khcy; &shcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&icy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&ucy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="f47b5915ffb22f3297f5cc6a73ef2653adc9de59244794a21b587b16bb0e3b2f/44" data-source="Generally, all Git operations work on the index file. Some operations work &lt;strong&gt;purely&lt;/strong&gt; on the index file (showing the current state of the index), but most operations move data between the index file and either the database or the working directory. Thus there are four main combinations:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;  Git  &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&mcy;. &Ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&mcy; (&pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;), &ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&jcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&mcy; &icy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&jcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&mcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy;. &Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &chcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ycy;&rcy;&iecy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&bcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;:</span></p> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="working-directory-to-index"><span data-i18n="bfd6585e9db643467f3a27511651f6ec877cc608637c5daf9bd2a76d718b04d0/e7" data-source="working directory &amp;rarr; index" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy; &rarr; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="ffcc499d714bdb7ada162059052c99c71158844d2eab085fd10ec16ca18bfb8c/ff" data-source="The &lt;a href=&quot;git-update-index&quot;&gt;git-update-index[1]&lt;/a&gt; command updates the index with information from the working directory. You generally update the index information by just specifying the filename you want to update, like so:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;  <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index[1]</a>  &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;. &Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-perl">$ git update-<span class="hljs-keyword">index</span> filename</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="9c53984be9245fb25d4eb2d055de2e125a2f3a36cb35bcbfc0bd565a3d5f16ad/9b" data-source="but to avoid common mistakes with filename globbing etc., the command will not normally add totally new entries or remove old entries, i.e. it will normally just update existing cache entries." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&ncy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &icy;&zcy;&bcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy;&kcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy; &tcy;. &dcy;., &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;&yucy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&icy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;, &tcy;. &iecy;. &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&icy; &vcy; &kcy;&ecy;&shcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="270091fdb8767e6e163a51df93778bef6b877ab0f05df9a86147ab5c174d2be1/59" data-source="To tell Git that yes, you really do realize that certain files no longer exist, or that new files should be added, you should use the &lt;code&gt;--remove&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;--add&lt;/code&gt; flags respectively." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  Git , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&acy;, &vcy;&ycy; &dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy;, &vcy;&ycy; &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&lcy;&acy;&gcy;&icy;  <code>--remove</code>  &icy;  <code>--add</code>  &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="8226d44332f25c3520cd91c015cdcbba93f7d7de8f38f7a583b4c76475441757/e2" data-source="NOTE! A &lt;code&gt;--remove&lt;/code&gt; flag does &lt;code&gt;not&lt;/code&gt; mean that subsequent filenames will necessarily be removed: if the files still exist in your directory structure, the index will be updated with their new status, not removed. The only thing &lt;code&gt;--remove&lt;/code&gt; means is that update-index will be considering a removed file to be a valid thing, and if the file really does not exist any more, it will update the index accordingly." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&Rcy;&Icy;&Mcy;&IEcy;&CHcy;&Acy;&Ncy;&Icy;&IEcy;! &Fcy;&lcy;&acy;&gcy;  <code>--remove</code>  &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;  <code>not</code>  &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy;: &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&rcy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy; &scy; &ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &icy;&khcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ucy;&scy;&acy;, &acy; &ncy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;. &IEcy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;  <code>--remove</code> , &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; update-index &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;, &icy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;, &ocy;&ncy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="5d5317e0cf4620b70f10382927f2d295d520f5cccbc253785a88d8d3860e000e/ad" data-source="As a special case, you can also do &lt;code&gt;git update-index --refresh&lt;/code&gt;, which will refresh the &amp;quot;stat&amp;quot; information of each index to match the current stat information. It will &lt;code&gt;not&lt;/code&gt; update the object status itself, and it will only update the fields that are used to quickly test whether an object still matches its old backing store object." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>git update-index --refresh</code>  , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;  &quot;stat&quot;  &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&acy; &vcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&icy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy;. &Ocy;&ncy;  <code>not</code>  &scy;&acy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ucy;&scy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &bcy;&ycy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &lcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;-&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;&shchcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="7a1e805a73757cdfd1222c7cc15875fa51efb9c94964d9a466fe1e7567444771/d9" data-source="The previously introduced &lt;a href=&quot;git-add&quot;&gt;git-add[1]&lt;/a&gt; is just a wrapper for &lt;a href=&quot;git-update-index&quot;&gt;git-update-index[1]&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy;  <a href="git-add.html">git-add[1]</a>  &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &lcy;&icy;&shcy;&softcy; &ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&rcy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy;  <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index[1]</a> .</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="index-to-object-database"><span data-i18n="192c391823f595cbe0435252d7e37b4e4e147c903255ccc9fc62a632c17b12c7/5f" data-source="index &amp;rarr; object database" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &rarr; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="493cc4948543d7f099d3c3691354f34a98d67886c4e327de77fce5d6c97d177d/57" data-source="You write your current index file to a &amp;quot;tree&amp;quot; object with the program" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &vcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;  &quot;tree&quot;  &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy;&ycy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua">$ git <span class="hljs-built_in">write</span>-tree</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="2611eb6733555dabff3b7dc9090a3b6e18b4cc8a01a9adbfcdc42b5524012a9e/6e" data-source="that doesn&amp;rsquo;t come with any options&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;it will just write out the current index into the set of tree objects that describe that state, and it will return the name of the resulting top-level tree. You can use that tree to re-generate the index at any time by going in the other direction:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&ucy; &ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&jcy; &mdash; &ocy;&ncy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&shcy;&iecy;&tcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &vcy; &ncy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &icy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&yacy;. &Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&acy; &vcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy;, &pcy;&ocy;&jcy;&dcy;&yacy; &vcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&icy;:</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="object-database-to-index"><span data-i18n="e584448130d72382c0941bfb768ea529b593294b1f9d9cb784d522156e7631d2/20" data-source="object database &amp;rarr; index" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &rarr; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="1c930dd4b95e92c53d2178f1808189b62c5858bea0595d89ba6aa4307fbebb4f/01" data-source="You read a &amp;quot;tree&amp;quot; file from the object database, and use that to populate (and overwrite&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;don&amp;rsquo;t do this if your index contains any unsaved state that you might want to restore later!) your current index. Normal operation is just" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;  &quot;tree&quot;  &icy;&zcy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; (&icy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&icy; &mdash; &ncy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&iecy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;, &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &zcy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&zhcy;&iecy;!) &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;. &Ncy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy; - &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua">$ git <span class="hljs-built_in">read</span>-tree &lt;SHA<span class="hljs-number">-1</span> of tree&gt;</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="b4626d390713ca93f279e21ee8a92668645213c3a7d3f49a9386b00185b42ad8/70" data-source="and your index file will now be equivalent to the tree that you saved earlier. However, that is only your &lt;code&gt;index&lt;/code&gt; file: your working directory contents have not been modified." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ecy;&kcy;&vcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&ncy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ucy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy;. &Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;  <code>index</code> : &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="index-to-working-directory"><span data-i18n="397bf7660c23a51674ceb952d39bad206df9d86d767e7d5dbbdc007d8fc7b072/91" data-source="index &amp;rarr; working directory" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &rarr; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="50dae75decbdc59c8e0dce5cc9f4d05f40ddc2eb9c78a0b9a042076995711b4d/e9" data-source="You update your working directory from the index by &amp;quot;checking out&amp;quot; files. This is not a very common operation, since normally you&amp;rsquo;d just keep your files updated, and rather than write to your working directory, you&amp;rsquo;d tell the index files about the changes in your working directory (i.e. &lt;code&gt;git update-index&lt;/code&gt;)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy; &icy;&zcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&acy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;  &quot;checking out&quot; . &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &icy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy; &vcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy; &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy; (&tcy;. &iecy;.  <code>git update-index</code>  ).</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="6d24b2f4307c4630fd4bab40af0c362bce15d68f4d109442aff5a9440c244efd/af" data-source="However, if you decide to jump to a new version, or check out somebody else&amp;rsquo;s version, or just restore a previous tree, you&amp;rsquo;d populate your index file with read-tree, and then you need to check out the result with" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &kcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy;, &icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &chcy;&softcy;&yucy;-&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy;, &icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ycy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;, &vcy;&ycy; &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; read-tree, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-perl">$ git checkout-<span class="hljs-keyword">index</span> filename</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="035b8f4a70bbf4fe66a41cb6d9e15681fbf575261aba2f70a5630a327ca8bd61/64" data-source="or, if you want to check out all of the index, use &lt;code&gt;-a&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy;&lcy;&icy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>-a</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="2773a2e38fbca4c8c2e6eeffe2b6cc365a4e457cb8a5c0833111f62f22021183/7e" data-source="NOTE! &lt;code&gt;git checkout-index&lt;/code&gt; normally refuses to overwrite old files, so if you have an old version of the tree already checked out, you will need to use the &lt;code&gt;-f&lt;/code&gt; flag (&lt;code&gt;before&lt;/code&gt; the &lt;code&gt;-a&lt;/code&gt; flag or the filename) to &lt;code&gt;force&lt;/code&gt; the checkout." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&Rcy;&Icy;&Mcy;&IEcy;&CHcy;&Acy;&Ncy;&Icy;&IEcy;!  <code>git checkout-index</code>  &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&lcy;&acy;&gcy;  <code>-f</code>  ( <code>before</code>  &mdash; &fcy;&lcy;&acy;&gcy;  <code>-a</code>  &icy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;) &dcy;&lcy;&yacy;  <code>force</code>  &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="df8e0cbc015bb0affe83acced01d4214cce20273f81ad559fcaee46701080136/0f" data-source="Finally, there are a few odds and ends which are not purely moving from one representation to the other:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&tscy;, &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &mcy;&iecy;&lcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;:</span></p> </div> <div> <h4 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="tying-it-all-together"><span data-i18n="ddf369608fd76b6bfc1fe7ebe238334232d925e065c485a4734898e934f93956/7c" data-source="Tying it all together" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;</span></h4> <p><span data-i18n="90d07218b3527e899f8e074b98d244ea6ada6a2ed548e5798fdaf3aa82581d83/12" data-source="To commit a tree you have instantiated with &lt;code&gt;git write-tree&lt;/code&gt;, you&amp;rsquo;d create a &amp;quot;commit&amp;quot; object that refers to that tree and the history behind it&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;most notably the &amp;quot;parent&amp;quot; commits that preceded it in history." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;, &ecy;&kcy;&zcy;&iecy;&mcy;&pcy;&lcy;&yacy;&rcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <code>git write-tree</code>  , &vcy;&ycy; &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;  &quot;commit&quot; , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &icy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;, &scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy; &zcy;&acy; &ncy;&icy;&mcy; &mdash; &vcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;  &quot;parent&quot; , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&shcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="91fc79fed5a1803a98216b16d29b48aefce42438a5a6d0f7c799ee37b2111019/8d" data-source="Normally a &amp;quot;commit&amp;quot; has one parent: the previous state of the tree before a certain change was made. However, sometimes it can have two or more parent commits, in which case we call it a &amp;quot;merge&amp;quot;, due to the fact that such a commit brings together (&amp;quot;merges&amp;quot;) two or more previous states represented by other commits." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;  &quot;commit&quot;  &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;: &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ycy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &dcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;. &Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ocy;&ncy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&vcy;&acy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;, &icy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &mcy;&ycy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy;  &quot;merge&quot; , &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; ( &quot;merges&quot; ) &dcy;&vcy;&acy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ycy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a11e686702e18997ae77d4bd37fa5e738a856223c9a709a5d969ea53e2c005ad/4b" data-source="In other words, while a &amp;quot;tree&amp;quot; represents a particular directory state of a working directory, a &amp;quot;commit&amp;quot; represents that state in time, and explains how we got there." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &vcy; &tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  &quot;tree&quot;  &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;,  &quot;commit&quot;  &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &mcy;&ycy; &tcy;&ucy;&dcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&pcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="7613cc802f64b72c220109af0e692994e1e1412f7dfa3316a57bdd46e1e1c5cd/ce" data-source="You create a commit object by giving it the tree that describes the state at the time of the commit, and a list of parents:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;, &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &icy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-xml">$ git commit-tree <span class="hljs-tag">&lt;<span class="hljs-name">tree</span>&gt;</span> -p <span class="hljs-tag">&lt;<span class="hljs-name">parent</span>&gt;</span> [(-p <span class="hljs-tag">&lt;<span class="hljs-name">parent2</span>&gt;</span>)...]</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="b496ac5a6204220cf5c75b2a0968ebaa69bd53d0d5ed4734023de9ec14a9742c/c6" data-source="and then giving the reason for the commit on stdin (either through redirection from a pipe or file, or by just typing it at the tty)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;&rcy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &vcy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy; (&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&acy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;, &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy; &iecy;&iecy; &vcy; &tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&mcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;).</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="2cb3b5f09003991e887c7a045b35b7c3dae3268db413c04bc874d2f911459f9c/c8" data-source="&lt;code&gt;git commit-tree&lt;/code&gt; will return the name of the object that represents that commit, and you should save it away for later use. Normally, you&amp;rsquo;d commit a new &lt;code&gt;HEAD&lt;/code&gt; state, and while Git doesn&amp;rsquo;t care where you save the note about that state, in practice we tend to just write the result to the file pointed at by &lt;code&gt;.git/HEAD&lt;/code&gt;, so that we can always see what the last committed state was." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><code>git commit-tree</code>  &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &icy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &dcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;. &Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;  <code>HEAD</code> , &icy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&yacy;  Git  &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &gcy;&dcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &ocy;&bcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&icy;, &ncy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&kcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ycy; &scy;&kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy; &vcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;  <code>.git/HEAD</code> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="e53df2d388d8f4b2af52ecca741a5674a255fb4f67e006c2eb183d0ede7c21b6/41" data-source="Here is a picture that illustrates how various pieces fit together:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ocy;&tcy; &kcy;&acy;&rcy;&tcy;&icy;&ncy;&kcy;&acy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&lcy;&lcy;&yucy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy; &scy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-sql">                     <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span><span class="hljs-operator">-</span>tree
                      <span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span> obj
                       <span class="hljs-operator">+</span><span class="hljs-comment">----+</span>
                       <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>    <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>
                       <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>    <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>
                       V    V
                    <span class="hljs-operator">+</span><span class="hljs-comment">-----------+</span>
                    <span class="hljs-operator">|</span> Object DB <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>
                    <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>  Backing  <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>
                    <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>   Store   <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>
                    <span class="hljs-operator">+</span><span class="hljs-comment">-----------+</span>
                       <span class="hljs-operator">^</span>
           write<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>tree  <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>     <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>
             tree obj  <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>     <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>
                       <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>     <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>  read<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>tree
                       <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>     <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>  tree obj
                             V
                    <span class="hljs-operator">+</span><span class="hljs-comment">-----------+</span>
                    <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>   Index   <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>
                    <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>  &quot;cache&quot;  <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>
                    <span class="hljs-operator">+</span><span class="hljs-comment">-----------+</span>
         <span class="hljs-keyword">update</span><span class="hljs-operator">-</span>index  <span class="hljs-operator">^</span>
             <span class="hljs-type">blob</span> obj  <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>     <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>
                       <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>     <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>
    checkout<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>index <span class="hljs-operator">-</span>u  <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>     <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>  checkout<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>index
             stat      <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>     <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>  <span class="hljs-type">blob</span> obj
                             V
                    <span class="hljs-operator">+</span><span class="hljs-comment">-----------+</span>
                    <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>  Working  <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>
                    <span class="hljs-operator">|</span> Directory <span class="hljs-operator">|</span>
                    <span class="hljs-operator">+</span><span class="hljs-comment">-----------+</span></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="examining-the-data"><span data-i18n="dffd50c2bd5604e5907800ab51038008963f4b4e606196a2fc8c7a1710d3254e/3a" data-source="Examining the data" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&zcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="c23aed886147d4df356bcc8723462a231518963d185f1cc2f1997d8ca6d40f3e/2f" data-source="You can examine the data represented in the object database and the index with various helper tools. For every object, you can use &lt;a href=&quot;git-cat-file&quot;&gt;git-cat-file[1]&lt;/a&gt; to examine details about the object:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&iecy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&iecy;, &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="git-cat-file.html">git-cat-file[1]</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-xml">$ git cat-file -t <span class="hljs-tag">&lt;<span class="hljs-name">objectname</span>&gt;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="58630ddc24070fb5ec83a172a4f830f9abe858ef72117cd1d7d79076721efe98/74" data-source="shows the type of the object, and once you have the type (which is usually implicit in where you find the object), you can use" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &icy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy; (&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &gcy;&dcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;), &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-sql">$ git cat<span class="hljs-operator">-</span>file <span class="hljs-type">blob</span><span class="hljs-operator">|</span>tree<span class="hljs-operator">|</span><span class="hljs-keyword">commit</span><span class="hljs-operator">|</span>tag <span class="hljs-operator">&lt;</span>objectname<span class="hljs-operator">&gt;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="0d84a9789541b46829cd823025d1a3f5c6a81defdc334532665e87ffd55cd937/ae" data-source="to show its contents. NOTE! Trees have binary content, and as a result there is a special helper for showing that content, called &lt;code&gt;git ls-tree&lt;/code&gt;, which turns the binary content into a more easily readable form." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy;. &Pcy;&Rcy;&Icy;&Mcy;&IEcy;&CHcy;&Acy;&Ncy;&Icy;&IEcy;! &Dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&tcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;, &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy;  <code>git ls-tree</code> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &vcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;&yucy; &fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&ucy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="42dc5082502c1bac96b240c4d48981fe5eb8fc605f94cd348c87bc2248e7f705/22" data-source="It&amp;rsquo;s especially instructive to look at &amp;quot;commit&amp;quot; objects, since those tend to be small and fairly self-explanatory. In particular, if you follow the convention of having the top commit name in &lt;code&gt;.git/HEAD&lt;/code&gt;, you can do" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&zcy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;  &quot;commit&quot; , &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&ocy;, &mcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &icy; &gcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&tcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &zcy;&acy; &scy;&iecy;&bcy;&yacy;. &Vcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy; &ncy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&icy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy; &vcy;  <code>.git/HEAD</code>  , &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git cat-file commit <span class="hljs-variable constant_">HEAD</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="0c9457428ac0d192571d7ad806a746a022b0bf30af217fabde4f2763e326a241/fd" data-source="to see what the top commit was." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;.</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="merging-multiple-trees"><span data-i18n="5ff5cfea1ec910f67b046321160fd3110b2380ab5cd5b489123643652ff6bb53/48" data-source="Merging multiple trees" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&iecy;&vcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="b2cd1965c0ad4e40be4a4dc986325d385c1bc62c7590b0b97b271859ba1f5c94/46" data-source="Git can help you perform a three-way merge, which can in turn be used for a many-way merge by repeating the merge procedure several times. The usual situation is that you only do one three-way merge (reconciling two lines of history) and commit the result, but if you like to, you can merge several branches in one go." onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&chcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;, &vcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&yucy; &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&softcy;, &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ucy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;. &Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&icy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; (&scy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&acy;&scy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&khcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;) &icy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;, &ncy;&ocy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy; &zcy;&acy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="edd65e02c996a1f39335290db427a90a11e59d4962120f8c6134ac76b1355b26/13" data-source="To perform a three-way merge, you start with the two commits you want to merge, find their closest common parent (a third commit), and compare the trees corresponding to these three commits." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &vcy;&ycy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&khcy; &bcy;&lcy;&icy;&zhcy;&acy;&jcy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy; (&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;) &icy; &scy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy;, &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&mcy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="ad00c8b5eca3b523167e4f8bef2250482a677b987c37a9a5ef624d4d2fe2790c/88" data-source="To get the &amp;quot;base&amp;quot; for the merge, look up the common parent of two commits:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  &quot;base&quot;  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-xml">$ git merge-base <span class="hljs-tag">&lt;<span class="hljs-name">commit1</span>&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-tag">&lt;<span class="hljs-name">commit2</span>&gt;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="6f4cb34a191dbf68b0275e038e6fedb9a997dd35b4ab03b94b60a6c5529d1c7a/5e" data-source="This prints the name of a commit they are both based on. You should now look up the tree objects of those commits, which you can easily do with" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&acy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ycy;. &Tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &lcy;&iecy;&gcy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git cat-file commit &lt;commitname&gt; | <span class="hljs-built_in">head</span> -1</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="b34918fae906b86dcf7ef0aae991ebfd531552170c02587604aa60be6e612abd/01" data-source="since the tree object information is always the first line in a commit object." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy; &ZeroWidthSpace;&ZeroWidthSpace;&ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="ffb543b0ed0277c4fb2fb436468f30220c8bd5389c64cb0626d96545cef08b06/e6" data-source="Once you know the three trees you are going to merge (the one &amp;quot;original&amp;quot; tree, aka the common tree, and the two &amp;quot;result&amp;quot; trees, aka the branches you want to merge), you do a &amp;quot;merge&amp;quot; read into the index. This will complain if it has to throw away your old index contents, so you should make sure that you&amp;rsquo;ve committed those&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;in fact you would normally always do a merge against your last commit (which should thus match what you have in your current index anyway)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &tcy;&rcy;&icy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&icy;&rcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; (&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;  &quot;original&quot; , &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;, &icy; &dcy;&vcy;&acy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;  &quot;result&quot; , &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;), &vcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &chcy;&tcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;  &quot;merge&quot;  &vcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;. &Ocy;&ncy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &zhcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &ucy;&bcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &mdash; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &scy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; (&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&mcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &vcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;).</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="2d975baf10e570858ba714058dc5d4a324cb5f2a91f5288f85f66a614b59092d/29" data-source="To do the merge, do" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-xml">$ git read-tree -m -u <span class="hljs-tag">&lt;<span class="hljs-name">origtree</span>&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-tag">&lt;<span class="hljs-name">yourtree</span>&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-tag">&lt;<span class="hljs-name">targettree</span>&gt;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="47f59741f7dec934fe8f53606cb69a66ae7fcdf91f6c9d9b4a73761dd7389633/22" data-source="which will do all trivial merge operations for you directly in the index file, and you can just write the result out with &lt;code&gt;git write-tree&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&iecy;, &icy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <code>git write-tree</code> .</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="merging-multiple-trees-2"><span data-i18n="aceb2ca298e380a43318428223dbd53b8eaa039a57ee9e873cde60725ce05829/50" data-source="Merging multiple trees, continued" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&iecy;&vcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="3db6f41b048ed9fa630d93bd37b720d321e7fb98610627e6d3828a4736b8cb6e/24" data-source="Sadly, many merges aren&amp;rsquo;t trivial. If there are files that have been added, moved or removed, or if both branches have modified the same file, you will be left with an index tree that contains &amp;quot;merge entries&amp;quot; in it. Such an index tree can &lt;code&gt;NOT&lt;/code&gt; be written out to a tree object, and you will have to resolve any such merge clashes using other tools before you can write out the result." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy; &scy;&ocy;&zhcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy;, &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy;, &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy;, &icy;&lcy;&icy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &icy; &tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;, &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;, &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy;  &quot;merge entries&quot; . &Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;  <code>NOT</code>  &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &icy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ycy;&iecy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy; &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="9f7917e3049bbccdd73ff2f977d4fad805cc0b4580b30463c8be05e9f880a33f/f7" data-source="You can examine such index state with &lt;code&gt;git ls-files --unmerged&lt;/code&gt; command. An example:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&acy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;  <code>git ls-files --unmerged</code> . &Pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git read-tree -m <span class="hljs-variable">$orig</span> <span class="hljs-variable constant_">HEAD</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$target</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git ls-files --unmerged
<span class="hljs-number">100644</span> 263414f423d0e4d70dae8fe53fa34614ff3e2860 <span class="hljs-number">1</span>        hello.c
<span class="hljs-number">100644</span> 06fa6a24256dc7e560efa5687fa84b51f0263c3a <span class="hljs-number">2</span>        hello.c
<span class="hljs-number">100644</span> cc44c73eb783565da5831b4d820c962954019b69 <span class="hljs-number">3</span>        hello.c</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="fd60aba09ea12137c3cffc6dd2b16b340e9956576d20fa14794d1af583f60c6d/fc" data-source="Each line of the &lt;code&gt;git ls-files --unmerged&lt;/code&gt; output begins with the blob mode bits, blob SHA-1, &lt;code&gt;stage number&lt;/code&gt;, and the filename. The &lt;code&gt;stage number&lt;/code&gt; is Git&amp;rsquo;s way to say which tree it came from: stage 1 corresponds to the &lt;code&gt;$orig&lt;/code&gt; tree, stage 2 to the &lt;code&gt;HEAD&lt;/code&gt; tree, and stage 3 to the &lt;code&gt;$target&lt;/code&gt; tree." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&acy;  <code>git ls-files --unmerged</code>  &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &bcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&acy; blob, SHA-1,  <code>stage number</code>  &icy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;.  <code>stage number</code>  &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; Git &scy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &ocy;&ncy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&ocy;&shcy;&iecy;&lcy;: &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy; 1 &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ucy;  <code>$orig</code> , &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy; 2 &mdash; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ucy;  <code>HEAD</code> , &acy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy; 3 &mdash; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ucy;  <code>$target</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="0adf679ca216a08e69f3c5c8302dc646314603e4ebcfa024af454cd5c6b2ef8a/77" data-source="Earlier we said that trivial merges are done inside &lt;code&gt;git read-tree -m&lt;/code&gt;. For example, if the file did not change from &lt;code&gt;$orig&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;HEAD&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;$target&lt;/code&gt;, or if the file changed from &lt;code&gt;$orig&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;HEAD&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;$orig&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;$target&lt;/code&gt; the same way, obviously the final outcome is what is in &lt;code&gt;HEAD&lt;/code&gt;. What the above example shows is that file &lt;code&gt;hello.c&lt;/code&gt; was changed from &lt;code&gt;$orig&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;HEAD&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;$orig&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;$target&lt;/code&gt; in a different way. You could resolve this by running your favorite 3-way merge program, e.g. &lt;code&gt;diff3&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;merge&lt;/code&gt;, or Git&amp;rsquo;s own merge-file, on the blob objects from these three stages yourself, like this:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy; &mcy;&ycy; &gcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;  <code>git read-tree -m</code> . &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;  <code>$orig</code>  &ncy;&acy;  <code>HEAD</code>  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  <code>$target</code>  &icy;&lcy;&icy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;  <code>$orig</code>  &ncy;&acy;  <code>HEAD</code>  &icy;  <code>$orig</code>  &ncy;&acy;  <code>$target</code>  &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &zhcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;  <code>HEAD</code> . &Vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;  <code>hello.c</code>  &bcy;&ycy;&lcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy; &scy;  <code>$orig</code>  &ncy;&acy;  <code>HEAD</code>  &icy; &scy;  <code>$orig</code>  &ncy;&acy;  <code>$target</code>  &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&mcy;. &Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;, &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&yucy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&icy;&mcy;&ucy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy;&ucy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;  <code>diff3</code>  ,  <code>merge</code>  , &icy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; Git, &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&dcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; blob &icy;&zcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&khcy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git cat-file blob 263414f &gt;hello.c~<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git cat-file blob 06fa6a2 &gt;hello.c~<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git cat-file blob cc44c73 &gt;hello.c~<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git merge-file hello.c~<span class="hljs-number">2</span> hello.c~<span class="hljs-number">1</span> hello.c~<span class="hljs-number">3</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="1094ae5357bc4f3a1ef564ffa3594bd0dc7d016ea425c369eab3b87598b717dc/52" data-source="This would leave the merge result in &lt;code&gt;hello.c~2&lt;/code&gt; file, along with conflict markers if there are conflicts. After verifying the merge result makes sense, you can tell Git what the final merge result for this file is by:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&iecy;  <code>hello.c~2</code>  &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy; &mcy;&acy;&rcy;&kcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;. &Ucy;&bcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&vcy;&shcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&mcy;&ycy;&scy;&lcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  Git  &ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">mv</span> -f hello.c~2 hello.c</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git update-index hello.c</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="bfb3e8244bc01304b739c11f02bdfe10fa1bba5e38fc265f8802ea5a0912dd62/62" data-source="When a path is in the &amp;quot;unmerged&amp;quot; state, running &lt;code&gt;git update-index&lt;/code&gt; for that path tells Git to mark the path resolved." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&icy;  &quot;unmerged&quot; , &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;  <code>git update-index</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;  Git  &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&iecy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="3cd2cdaf62d77e61a2fcdfa33ba399b44211aee8f62550b6320d542699ee148e/7f" data-source="The above is the description of a Git merge at the lowest level, to help you understand what conceptually happens under the hood. In practice, nobody, not even Git itself, runs &lt;code&gt;git cat-file&lt;/code&gt; three times for this. There is a &lt;code&gt;git merge-index&lt;/code&gt; program that extracts the stages to temporary files and calls a &amp;quot;merge&amp;quot; script on it:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  Git  &ncy;&acy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ncy;&icy;&zcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&chcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tscy;&iecy;&pcy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy; &kcy;&acy;&pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;. &Ncy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&kcy;&iecy; &ncy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;, &dcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;  Git , &ncy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;  <code>git cat-file</code>  &tcy;&rcy;&icy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;. &IEcy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy;&acy;  <code>git merge-index</code> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&pcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &icy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&jcy; &scy;&kcy;&rcy;&icy;&pcy;&tcy;  &quot;merge&quot; :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-sql">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">merge</span><span class="hljs-operator">-</span>index git<span class="hljs-operator">-</span><span class="hljs-keyword">merge</span><span class="hljs-operator">-</span><span class="hljs-keyword">one</span><span class="hljs-operator">-</span>file hello.c</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="75d5098a716a5ff042f249381e1301e28244670f16df1a3a40744cb694b97d26/ae" data-source="and that is what higher level &lt;code&gt;git merge -s resolve&lt;/code&gt; is implemented with." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&iecy;  <code>git merge -s resolve</code> .</span></p> </div> </div> <h2 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="hacking-git"><span data-i18n="46d9059b6ea14f65a879ccb1982eb54b90d8e6516850ddac4bc9ca645fd61668/53" data-source="Hacking git" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Hacking git</span></h2> <div> <p><span data-i18n="8ec54134c1cfe99b85d4222f28c67a3c734adac9895e50d22d3648b8a95721d7/c9" data-source="This chapter covers internal details of the Git implementation which probably only Git developers need to understand." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &gcy;&lcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&scy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &rcy;&iecy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;  Git , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy;, &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&yacy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&icy;  Git .</span></p> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="object-details"><span data-i18n="4e5b7923d056ec86a3b49826cbfc63b58461decd95e939c8fc87783ba1408e26/c7" data-source="Object storage format" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="b9bc595ecd99a173fd57a2659f09c551628ca57ec0af99ad0ce9473db7805a18/a8" data-source="All objects have a statically determined &amp;quot;type&amp;quot; which identifies the format of the object (i.e. how it is used, and how it can refer to other objects). There are currently four different object types: &amp;quot;blob&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;tree&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;commit&amp;quot;, and &amp;quot;tag&amp;quot;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&tcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy;  &quot;type&quot; , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; (&tcy;. &iecy;. &tcy;&ocy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&ncy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&ncy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;). &Vcy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &chcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ycy;&rcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;:  &quot;blob&quot; ,  &quot;tree&quot; ,  &quot;commit&quot;  &icy;  &quot;tag&quot; .</span></p> <p> <span data-i18n="d56f9579d0a620b3095b2197898e817b48ff384e5d7808fa3a028befe254d498/bc" data-source="Regardless of object type, all objects share the following characteristics: they are all deflated with zlib, and have a header that not only specifies their type, but also provides size information about the data in the object. It&amp;rsquo;s worth noting that the SHA-1 hash that is used to name the object is the hash of the original data plus this header, so &lt;code&gt;sha1sum&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;file&lt;/code&gt; does not match the object name for &lt;code&gt;file&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &khcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&kcy;&icy;: &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &dcy;&iecy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ycy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; zlib &icy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&kcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ncy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&khcy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy;, &ncy;&ocy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&iecy;. &Scy;&tcy;&ocy;&icy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &khcy;&iecy;&shcy; SHA-1, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &khcy;&ecy;&shcy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &pcy;&lcy;&yucy;&scy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&kcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;  <code>sha1sum</code> <code>file</code>  &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;  <code>file</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="78c91232b4482e160b9e28fd7d65fd82413f3e5557223ba1a1ebc5356c4a23f2/22" data-source="As a result, the general consistency of an object can always be tested independently of the contents or the type of the object: all objects can be validated by verifying that (a) their hashes match the content of the file and (b) the object successfully inflates to a stream of bytes that forms a sequence of &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;ascii type without space&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;space&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;ascii decimal size&amp;gt; +
&amp;lt;byte\0&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;binary object data&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&acy;&scy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;: &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; (&acy;) &icy;&khcy; &khcy;&ecy;&shcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy; &icy; (&bcy;) &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;. &ucy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&shcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy; &bcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>&lt;ascii type without space&gt; + &lt;space&gt; + &lt;ascii decimal size&gt; +
&lt;byte\0&gt; + &lt;binary object data&gt;</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="97920efe1886873140686232f0d309e434dbfb6b9b49a6e5080135ebdd1876a9/de" data-source="The structured objects can further have their structure and connectivity to other objects verified. This is generally done with the &lt;code&gt;git fsck&lt;/code&gt; program, which generates a full dependency graph of all objects, and verifies their internal consistency (in addition to just verifying their superficial consistency through the hash)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&yucy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ucy; &icy; &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&softcy; &scy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;. &Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy;&ycy;  <code>git fsck</code> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &gcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &gcy;&rcy;&acy;&fcy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&khcy; &vcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&yucy;&yucy; &scy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&acy;&scy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; (&vcy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&kcy;&iecy; &icy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&acy;&scy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&mcy; &khcy;&iecy;&shcy;&acy;).</span></p> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="birdview-on-the-source-code"><span data-i18n="c4238d000ae6c5e8dd7571504cad5ff3d9f662f2ce7ebff2fe87af71e8f3c90b/83" data-source="A birds-eye view of Git&amp;rsquo;s source code" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&dcy; Git &scy; &vcy;&ycy;&scy;&ocy;&tcy;&ycy; &pcy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&softcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&tcy;&acy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="ba0ca20dde6e471c2c05c449e874989f7711c677cf8ae2750a0a45a54569332f/9e" data-source="It is not always easy for new developers to find their way through Git&amp;rsquo;s source code. This section gives you a little guidance to show where to start." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &lcy;&iecy;&gcy;&kcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy; Git. &Vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ocy;&iecy; &rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;, &scy; &chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="57c08a888c8dcb9dc08d89e909d8a7e6108cdb760c9386bc5ce1cafaf44980de/21" data-source="A good place to start is with the contents of the initial commit, with:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&shcy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-cpp">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">switch</span> --detach e83c5163</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="56ea44f9d738ed463d732aec3df2e5e3209bd9f2e82733301b5e93d883e521a1/3f" data-source="The initial revision lays the foundation for almost everything Git has today, but is small enough to read in one sitting." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy;&kcy;&lcy;&acy;&dcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy; &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&tcy;&icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;  Git  &scy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&yacy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy;&acy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &mcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &iecy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &zcy;&acy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&scy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="4c1af552dfd0ba647a1168871ca0a3478bd137b29e237e13557c016f53ae9f58/07" data-source="Note that terminology has changed since that revision. For example, the README in that revision uses the word &amp;quot;changeset&amp;quot; to describe what we now call a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit_object&quot;&gt;commit&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&mcy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&lcy;&acy;&scy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;. &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &vcy; README &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;  &quot;changeset&quot;  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ycy; &tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit_object">commit</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="97217a32a8c7d9dc778cdc5bba123369f857b2311b920bd998555fc17e833438/5f" data-source="Also, we do not call it &amp;quot;cache&amp;quot; any more, but rather &amp;quot;index&amp;quot;; however, the file is still called &lt;code&gt;read-cache.h&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &mcy;&ycy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy;  &quot;cache&quot; , &acy; &scy;&kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&iecy;&iecy;  &quot;index&quot; ; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &pcy;&ocy;-&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <code>read-cache.h</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="022252620ead2f3202460420b744393e738d75a6a19ae745e6875d636adec761/6e" data-source="If you grasp the ideas in that initial commit, you should check out a more recent version and skim &lt;code&gt;read-cache-ll.h&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;object.h&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;commit.h&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&yacy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;, &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&vcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>read-cache-ll.h</code> ,  <code>object.h</code>  &icy;  <code>commit.h</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="e1d3e1b058e77c8164e887ef301296c1e51e5cc97378b85780df4564b91fa59b/96" data-source="In the early days, Git (in the tradition of UNIX) was a bunch of programs which were extremely simple, and which you used in scripts, piping the output of one into another. This turned out to be good for initial development, since it was easier to test new things. However, recently many of these parts have become builtins, and some of the core has been &amp;quot;libified&amp;quot;, i.e. put into libgit.a for performance, portability reasons, and to avoid code duplication." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy; &zcy;&acy;&rcy;&iecy;  Git  (&vcy; &tcy;&rcy;&acy;&dcy;&icy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy; UNIX) &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&lcy;&acy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy; &chcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&vcy;&ycy;&chcy;&acy;&jcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ycy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy; &scy;&tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy;, &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy;&ycy; &vcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ucy;&yucy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&scy;&softcy; &khcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&shcy;&ocy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &lcy;&iecy;&gcy;&chcy;&iecy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&icy;. &Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&khcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy;, &acy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &yacy;&dcy;&rcy;&acy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;  &quot;libified&quot; , &tcy;&ocy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &vcy; libgit.a &icy;&zcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;, &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &icy; &vcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&bcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&dcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="0ae272f14784ebbed670d28679ae63df87cd47c0c24d927db48539d1fde6851b/5d" data-source="By now, you know what the index is (and find the corresponding data structures in &lt;code&gt;read-cache-ll.h&lt;/code&gt;), and that there are just a couple of object types (blobs, trees, commits and tags) which inherit their common structure from &lt;code&gt;struct object&lt;/code&gt;, which is their first member (and thus, you can cast e.g. &lt;code&gt;(struct object *)commit&lt;/code&gt; to achieve the &lt;code&gt;same&lt;/code&gt; as &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;commit-&amp;gt;object&lt;/code&gt;, i.e. get at the object name and flags)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ucy; &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; (&icy; &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ycy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;  <code>read-cache-ll.h</code> ), &icy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy;&ocy;&vcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; (&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy;, &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &icy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&icy;), &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&yucy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ucy; &ocy;&tcy;  <code>struct object</code> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&khcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &chcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy; (&icy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;,  <code>(struct object *)commit</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  <code>same</code>  &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  <code>&amp;commit-&gt;object</code>  , &tcy;.&iecy;. &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &icy; &fcy;&lcy;&acy;&gcy;&icy;).</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="31e2c4cf96a6812db4081120604385996e0e9bb996eb991b71ac45b01fb0cd0a/9c" data-source="Now is a good point to take a break to let this information sink in." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&iecy;&jcy;&chcy;&acy;&scy; &khcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&shcy;&icy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ycy;&vcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&scy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="5312098d235358e8fc955e2c1a957828b2e726fe9b30da6daa8950df7eaad09b/19" data-source="Next step: get familiar with the object naming. Read &lt;a href=&quot;#naming-commits&quot;&gt;Naming commits&lt;/a&gt;. There are quite a few ways to name an object (and not only revisions!). All of these are handled in &lt;code&gt;sha1_name.c&lt;/code&gt;. Just have a quick look at the function &lt;code&gt;get_sha1()&lt;/code&gt;. A lot of the special handling is done by functions like &lt;code&gt;get_sha1_basic()&lt;/code&gt; or the likes." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &shcy;&acy;&gcy;: &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&chcy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#naming-commits">Naming commits</a> . &Scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&vcy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; (&icy; &ncy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&jcy;!). &Vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;  <code>sha1_name.c</code> . &Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&zcy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;  <code>get_sha1()</code> . &Bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&acy;&yacy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  <code>get_sha1_basic()</code>  &icy; &icy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="e366ca34e66c98de991a3b96e97c983b8ad27f14c895b8915fa994e7cd6480e2/8d" data-source="This is just to get you into the groove for the most libified part of Git: the revision walker." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy; &scy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;&yucy; Git: &ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&jcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="7bf8c4be4f5f25ef4ef61e392a26f2d0fc9ad385cc37f14a57cf17431769578e/16" data-source="Basically, the initial version of &lt;code&gt;git log&lt;/code&gt; was a shell script:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy; &scy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy;, &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy;  <code>git log</code>  &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&lcy;&acy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&icy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git-rev-list --pretty $(git-rev-parse --default HEAD <span class="hljs-string">&quot;<span class="hljs-variable">$@</span>&quot;</span>) | \
        LESS=-S <span class="hljs-variable">${PAGER:-less}</span></span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="97873dee88f2660d38931aec1ca7f6bfb94969c6caf7cd1ecadeee99838aa7fb/de" data-source="What does this mean?" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;?</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="7ba83b3ca1519395be8f985f5397589ce2ae73be6beab723abd86fa17a223866/48" data-source="&lt;code&gt;git rev-list&lt;/code&gt; is the original version of the revision walker, which &lt;code&gt;always&lt;/code&gt; printed a list of revisions to stdout. It is still functional, and needs to, since most new Git commands start out as scripts using &lt;code&gt;git rev-list&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><code>git rev-list</code>  &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&rcy;&icy;&gcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&jcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy;  <code>always</code>  &vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&lcy;&acy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;&rcy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;. &Ocy;&ncy; &pcy;&ocy;-&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&ncy;, &icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;  Git  &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &scy;&tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &scy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>git rev-list</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="97be12af8528d6812088947a6fdf5c177346d6b9035bec5d40127073aff767c6/7f" data-source="&lt;code&gt;git rev-parse&lt;/code&gt; is not as important any more; it was only used to filter out options that were relevant for the different plumbing commands that were called by the script." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><code>git rev-parse</code>  &ucy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;; &ocy;&ncy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&scy;&yacy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &fcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &scy;&acy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&khcy;&ncy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;&mcy;, &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&mcy; &scy;&tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="50700df78b5adf05183c6dac195812e66461b11240902738254ba56156a6fff5/7a" data-source="Most of what &lt;code&gt;git rev-list&lt;/code&gt; did is contained in &lt;code&gt;revision.c&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;revision.h&lt;/code&gt;. It wraps the options in a struct named &lt;code&gt;rev_info&lt;/code&gt;, which controls how and what revisions are walked, and more." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&acy;&yacy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&lcy;  <code>git rev-list</code> , &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;  <code>revision.c</code>  &icy;  <code>revision.h</code> . &Ocy;&ncy; &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&rcy;&ycy; &vcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ucy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>rev_info</code> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;, &icy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&iecy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="45f3f75b0ca06b42d4fef99ff12ad75db52b7eb1996192f194f02e8acc4d4457/7b" data-source="The original job of &lt;code&gt;git rev-parse&lt;/code&gt; is now taken by the function &lt;code&gt;setup_revisions()&lt;/code&gt;, which parses the revisions and the common command-line options for the revision walker. This information is stored in the struct &lt;code&gt;rev_info&lt;/code&gt; for later consumption. You can do your own command-line option parsing after calling &lt;code&gt;setup_revisions()&lt;/code&gt;. After that, you have to call &lt;code&gt;prepare_revision_walk()&lt;/code&gt; for initialization, and then you can get the commits one by one with the function &lt;code&gt;get_revision()&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ucy;  <code>git rev-parse</code>  &tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &bcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&iecy;&bcy;&yacy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;  <code>setup_revisions()</code> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &acy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&rcy;&ycy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&icy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&acy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&rcy;&iecy;  <code>rev_info</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;. &Vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &acy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy; &pcy;&acy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;  <code>setup_revisions()</code> . &Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>prepare_revision_walk()</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &icy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &zcy;&acy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;  <code>get_revision()</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="15a3dcc1938b8c3733da886bf6253e9ebb387d6b2a296d21554dc03ef43297a1/f6" data-source="If you are interested in more details of the revision walking process, just have a look at the first implementation of &lt;code&gt;cmd_log()&lt;/code&gt;; call &lt;code&gt;git show v1.3.0~155^2~4&lt;/code&gt; and scroll down to that function (note that you no longer need to call &lt;code&gt;setup_pager()&lt;/code&gt; directly)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&zcy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &rcy;&iecy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;  <code>cmd_log()</code> ; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>git show v1.3.0~155^2~4</code>  &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&rcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&zcy; &dcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; (&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&yacy;&mcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>setup_pager()</code> ).</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="8194443d0e6572c7a729978337b67f69f3f03066b4adff10a48e8e0c0dcfe35d/72" data-source="Nowadays, &lt;code&gt;git log&lt;/code&gt; is a builtin, which means that it is &lt;code&gt;contained&lt;/code&gt; in the command &lt;code&gt;git&lt;/code&gt;. The source side of a builtin is" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy;  <code>git log</code>  &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;, &acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;  <code>git</code>  &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;  <code>contained</code> . &Icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&acy; &vcy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="276544586a40233584a8a84e8da72e68e39355a5dee7ee726046c4d390f24fd8/7d" data-source="a function called &lt;code&gt;cmd_&amp;lt;bla&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, typically defined in &lt;code&gt;builtin/&amp;lt;bla.c&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; (note that older versions of Git used to have it in &lt;code&gt;builtin-&amp;lt;bla&amp;gt;.c&lt;/code&gt; instead), and declared in &lt;code&gt;builtin.h&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>cmd_&lt;bla&gt;</code> , &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;  <code>builtin/&lt;bla.c&gt;</code>  (&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy;  Git  &ocy;&ncy;&acy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy;&scy;&softcy; &vcy;  <code>builtin-&lt;bla&gt;.c</code> ) &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;  <code>builtin.h</code> .</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="3404e2ff236c771a7a6f70b0547d06a31d155bb210577b42f7f8bd1bc7fbe36f/4a" data-source="an entry in the &lt;code&gt;commands[]&lt;/code&gt; array in &lt;code&gt;git.c&lt;/code&gt;, and" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy; &vcy; &mcy;&acy;&scy;&scy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;  <code>commands[]</code>  &vcy;  <code>git.c</code>  &icy;</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="c6b5502050dfcb4fa5b3b3180d93774f26b8d275acb1552fa94b80d5cfd9e64b/06" data-source="an entry in &lt;code&gt;BUILTIN_OBJECTS&lt;/code&gt; in the &lt;code&gt;Makefile&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy; &vcy;  <code>BUILTIN_OBJECTS</code>  &vcy;  <code>Makefile</code> .</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> <p><span data-i18n="44883dd4309e3fd33c91f8994bc3f680f6810e5cf00a6facd55768ce5dfc8236/73" data-source="Sometimes, more than one builtin is contained in one source file. For example, &lt;code&gt;cmd_whatchanged()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;cmd_log()&lt;/code&gt; both reside in &lt;code&gt;builtin/log.c&lt;/code&gt;, since they share quite a bit of code. In that case, the commands which are &lt;code&gt;not&lt;/code&gt; named like the &lt;code&gt;.c&lt;/code&gt; file in which they live have to be listed in &lt;code&gt;BUILT_INS&lt;/code&gt; in the &lt;code&gt;Makefile&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;. &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;,  <code>cmd_whatchanged()</code>  &icy;  <code>cmd_log()</code>  &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;  <code>builtin/log.c</code> , &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &ucy; &ncy;&icy;&khcy; &dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&dcy;&acy;. &Vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;, &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy;  <code>not</code> , &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;  <code>.c</code> , &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;, &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy; &vcy;  <code>BUILT_INS</code>  &vcy;  <code>Makefile</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="2c15713e0edbf7d0ef2bf336c906721e74da3cb240298e0bc6b5f385bf3162c4/ae" data-source="&lt;code&gt;git log&lt;/code&gt; looks more complicated in C than it does in the original script, but that allows for a much greater flexibility and performance." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><code>git log</code>  &ncy;&acy; &yacy;&zcy;&ycy;&kcy;&iecy; C &vcy;&ycy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy;, &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &gcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&ucy;&yucy; &gcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="d783635f80c1aa2d43b675dfbb63455c752f461fdb454b8ccf6cdb5b78941070/5a" data-source="Here again it is a good point to take a pause." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy; &zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&acy;&ucy;&zcy;&ucy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="806c50efe6912d7dbda24d87fe3730643366acc470f1507dd702f1424a46cc4a/88" data-source="Lesson three is: study the code. Really, it is the best way to learn about the organization of Git (after you know the basic concepts)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&icy;&jcy;: &icy;&zcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&dcy;. &Dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&shcy;&icy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy; &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&bcy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;  Git  (&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;&ycy; &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &scy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;).</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="13a26d758a3f771c7444e47ceffaf3aae5deab0b47282f70c437c9d2dbd1ed98/3a" data-source="So, think about something which you are interested in, say, &amp;quot;how can I access a blob just knowing the object name of it?&amp;quot;. The first step is to find a Git command with which you can do it. In this example, it is either &lt;code&gt;git show&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;git cat-file&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&tcy;&acy;&kcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&mcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy; &chcy;&iecy;&mcy;-&tcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;, &scy;&kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&mcy;, &ocy;  &quot;how can I access a blob just knowing the object name of it?&quot; . &Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &shcy;&acy;&gcy; &mdash; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ucy;  Git , &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;. &Vcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy;  <code>git show</code> , &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy;  <code>git cat-file</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="9fdd6571197268c5ce829d9088750afcdc9e402ac8c4930040160dfab33294c4/1f" data-source="For the sake of clarity, let&amp;rsquo;s stay with &lt;code&gt;git cat-file&lt;/code&gt;, because it" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &yacy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&mcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;  <code>git cat-file</code> , &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy;</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="a4c6e4ed197111c91e80817e47b8520dc34ca30ba30b44d5ce210711daf94cb7/b6" data-source="is plumbing, and" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&acy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&khcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;, &icy;</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="31ed5e2062477bfa40a6be9f4c682b50a5fdea6ff6f1630b3717d09b20f67902/af" data-source="was around even in the initial commit (it literally went only through some 20 revisions as &lt;code&gt;cat-file.c&lt;/code&gt;, was renamed to &lt;code&gt;builtin/cat-file.c&lt;/code&gt; when made a builtin, and then saw less than 10 versions)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy; &dcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy; &vcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ocy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; (&ocy;&ncy; &bcy;&ucy;&kcy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&pcy;&iecy;&lcy; &ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy; 20 &rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  <code>cat-file.c</code>  , &bcy;&ycy;&lcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy; &vcy;  <code>builtin/cat-file.c</code>  &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &vcy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy; &mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy; 10 &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy;).</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> <p><span data-i18n="eeb31f8f40fd6fcd8f86d85623b2016405705a3bbcffac92701aa9d3a6d68739/28" data-source="So, look into &lt;code&gt;builtin/cat-file.c&lt;/code&gt;, search for &lt;code&gt;cmd_cat_file()&lt;/code&gt; and look what it does." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&tcy;&acy;&kcy;, &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;  <code>builtin/cat-file.c</code> , &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>cmd_cat_file()</code>  &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;.</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-scss">        <span class="hljs-built_in">git_config</span>(git_default_config);
        if (argc != <span class="hljs-number">3</span>)
                <span class="hljs-built_in">usage</span>(&quot;git cat-file [-t|-s|-e|-p|&lt;type&gt;] &lt;sha1&gt;&quot;);
        if (get_sha1(argv[<span class="hljs-number">2</span>], sha1))
                <span class="hljs-built_in">die</span>(&quot;Not a valid object name %s&quot;, argv[<span class="hljs-number">2</span>]);</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="026250a09dacf5e4ca3582d2baedf558eb903a4e002bf480565de53e1de64623/d0" data-source="Let&amp;rsquo;s skip over the obvious details; the only really interesting part here is the call to &lt;code&gt;get_sha1()&lt;/code&gt;. It tries to interpret &lt;code&gt;argv[2]&lt;/code&gt; as an object name, and if it refers to an object which is present in the current repository, it writes the resulting SHA-1 into the variable &lt;code&gt;sha1&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;; &IEcy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;  <code>get_sha1()</code> . &Ocy;&ncy; &pcy;&ycy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;  <code>argv[2]</code>  &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &icy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&ncy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &ocy;&ncy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; SHA-1 &vcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy;  <code>sha1</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="fa54c7cb45485e4c05ea1c21913676ddf4c50a96bc9f583c8dda0c28cf15fc7b/8c" data-source="Two things are interesting here:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy; &dcy;&vcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&icy;:</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="0b606bbe627f906e32336d89588e677f2367a2e2c7022f37a48175350882c68b/53" data-source="&lt;code&gt;get_sha1()&lt;/code&gt; returns 0 on &lt;code&gt;success&lt;/code&gt;. This might surprise some new Git hackers, but there is a long tradition in UNIX to return different negative numbers in case of different errors&amp;mdash;&amp;ZeroWidthSpace;and 0 on success." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><code>get_sha1()</code>  &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; 0 &ncy;&acy;  <code>success</code> . &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ucy;&dcy;&icy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&khcy; &khcy;&acy;&kcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;  Git , &ncy;&ocy; &vcy; UNIX &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &dcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&yacy;&yacy; &tcy;&rcy;&acy;&dcy;&icy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&tscy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&acy; &vcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&shcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy;&kcy; &mdash; &icy; 0 &vcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &ucy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&khcy;&acy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="597ad92e36eec57676621969057ed86b24fd4f5174b2e9acf676309fe2f1ea2c/63" data-source="the variable &lt;code&gt;sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the function signature of &lt;code&gt;get_sha1()&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;unsigned
char *&lt;/code&gt;, but is actually expected to be a pointer to &lt;code&gt;unsigned
char[20]&lt;/code&gt;. This variable will contain the 160-bit SHA-1 of the given commit. Note that whenever a SHA-1 is passed as &lt;code&gt;unsigned char *&lt;/code&gt;, it is the binary representation, as opposed to the ASCII representation in hex characters, which is passed as &lt;code&gt;char *&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy;  <code>sha1</code>  &vcy; &scy;&icy;&gcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&ucy;&rcy;&iecy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;  <code>get_sha1()</code>  &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;  <code>unsigned
char *</code> , &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy; &ocy;&zhcy;&icy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy;&acy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ncy;&acy;  <code>unsigned
char[20]</code> . &Ecy;&tcy;&acy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; 160-&bcy;&icy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; SHA-1 &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;. &Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&scy;&yacy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; SHA-1 &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  <code>unsigned char *</code> , &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &vcy; &ocy;&tcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; ASCII &vcy; &shcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&acy;&dcy;&tscy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&acy;&khcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  <code>char *</code> .</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> <p><span data-i18n="bbe96b7303d6a7765efd15fe18ee0ba1fede2c480246051266376c454e541f75/b1" data-source="You will see both of these things throughout the code." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &kcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="ee7839256b2efb110666a73a575ac3eaaaef329880ef6d2e8531695658ccdaf9/bd" data-source="Now, for the meat:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &ocy; &mcy;&yacy;&scy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-cpp">        <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>:
                buf = <span class="hljs-built_in">read_object_with_reference</span>(sha1, argv[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>], &amp;size, <span class="hljs-literal">NULL</span>);</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7678d9d97bc530bc7378244a100e5af1bc6e4a37cfcccb1059b07f9e913284ce/f5" data-source="This is how you read a blob (actually, not only a blob, but any type of object). To know how the function &lt;code&gt;read_object_with_reference()&lt;/code&gt; actually works, find the source code for it (something like &lt;code&gt;git grep
read_object_with | grep &amp;quot;:[a-z]&amp;quot;&lt;/code&gt; in the Git repository), and read the source." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ocy;&tcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy;&ycy; &chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; (&ncy;&acy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;, &ncy;&ocy; &icy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy;). &CHcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;  <code>read_object_with_reference()</code> , &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &iecy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&dcy; (&chcy;&tcy;&ocy;-&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;  <code>git grep
read_object_with | grep &quot;:[a-z]&quot;</code>  &vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;  Git ) &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&dcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="6954e0a6f101318acc9087c2828cae87caa8f937c251dea13657d681f090a67d/c1" data-source="To find out how the result can be used, just read on in &lt;code&gt;cmd_cat_file()&lt;/code&gt;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>cmd_cat_file()</code> :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-scss">        <span class="hljs-built_in">write_or_die</span>(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, buf, size);</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="026048074dc665c6dbf8bed5ac7e12a44392d243386e4368cc0b7d75a0543fce/1f" data-source="Sometimes, you do not know where to look for a feature. In many such cases, it helps to search through the output of &lt;code&gt;git log&lt;/code&gt;, and then &lt;code&gt;git show&lt;/code&gt; the corresponding commit." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy; &ncy;&iecy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;, &gcy;&dcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;. &Vcy;&ocy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&yacy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&icy;&scy;&kcy; &vcy; &vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;  <code>git log</code> , &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>git show</code>  &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p> <span data-i18n="0fd40dff4e03285582954894f629c576859642f85a6dd524797a30762be1bd9f/67" data-source="Example: If you know that there was some test case for &lt;code&gt;git bundle&lt;/code&gt;, but do not remember where it was (yes, you &lt;code&gt;could&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;git grep bundle t/&lt;/code&gt;, but that does not illustrate the point!):" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;: &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;-&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy;  <code>git bundle</code> , &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &gcy;&dcy;&iecy; &ocy;&ncy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy; (&dcy;&acy;, &vcy;&ycy;  <code>could</code> <code>git grep bundle t/</code> , &ncy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&lcy;&lcy;&yucy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy;!):</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-lua">$ git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> <span class="hljs-comment">--no-merges t/</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="6311a02eafe14e2b5f8843c18840e6b70667530d7b53d764083e60e766aef8bc/49" data-source="In the pager (&lt;code&gt;less&lt;/code&gt;), just search for &amp;quot;bundle&amp;quot;, go a few lines back, and see that it is in commit 18449ab0. Now just copy this object name, and paste it into the command line" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &pcy;&iecy;&jcy;&dcy;&zhcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy; (  <code>less</code>  ) &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;  &quot;bundle&quot; , &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&jcy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&dcy; &icy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy; &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; 18449ab0. &Tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &icy; &vcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ucy;.</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git show 18449ab0</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="73a27292d05b1195131882491ca5b81beef08c6bd7c42d172ff7d6c795752627/bd" data-source="Voila." onmousemove="i18n(this)">Voila.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="b261a4a3023541c0ec76dcb6374d61d92d7d6d80c4a9173b3ed823d76012206e/2e" data-source="Another example: Find out what to do in order to make some script a builtin:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;: &Ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&ucy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &scy;&kcy;&rcy;&icy;&pcy;&tcy; &vcy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> --no-merges --diff-filter=A <span class="hljs-built_in">builtin</span>/*.c</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="bef2f7b2dbe55eb7c583e80ba6bb1063a428ecf6a1f8b7b7837422611c4c909e/d1" data-source="You see, Git is actually the best tool to find out about the source of Git itself!" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&icy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &lcy;&icy;,  Git  &ncy;&acy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&shcy;&icy;&mcy; &icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&ycy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;  Git !</span></p> </div> </div> <h2 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="glossary"><span data-i18n="e7bbafdf87aa1f1f8fedeb9241129a8f5ed660e805af03e11a4f2ec91106c133/78" data-source="Git glossary" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git glossary</span></h2> <div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="git-explained"><span data-i18n="ca98fd5982ba7b7afb16e586b10e995299e7e9649a55c61aaf5881f192cdadbb/f7" data-source="Git explained" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git explained</span></h3> <div> <dl> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefalternateobjectdatabaseaalternateobjectdatabase"><span data-i18n="1d4e9b35fcc68376731cfc98e16127e5526a189fae08008013ea36ba3f508d8c/60" data-source="alternate object database" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="e81e7753bab210729925001b5069a91509efcb6f951d11fb0c5548e75a2beea9/aa" data-source="Via the alternates mechanism, a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt; can inherit part of its &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object_database&quot;&gt;object database&lt;/a&gt; from another object database, which is called an &amp;quot;alternate&amp;quot;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &acy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &mcy;&iecy;&khcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&zcy;&mcy;&acy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a>  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object_database">object database</a>  &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  &quot;alternate&quot; .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefbarerepositoryabarerepository"><span data-i18n="33dab072886d76e2994c82bc8d153b72c1dc527374e52e6ed7cb89599d0540e8/e0" data-source="bare repository" onmousemove="i18n(this)">bare repository</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="70f8305780fb17fa74dc434f85c79662e4e6b7e19c3bab544a1bb696e66dcd50/ee" data-source="A bare repository is normally an appropriately named &lt;a href=&quot;#def_directory&quot;&gt;directory&lt;/a&gt; with a &lt;code&gt;.git&lt;/code&gt; suffix that does not have a locally checked-out copy of any of the files under revision control. That is, all of the Git administrative and control files that would normally be present in the hidden &lt;code&gt;.git&lt;/code&gt; sub-directory are directly present in the &lt;code&gt;repository.git&lt;/code&gt; directory instead, and no other files are present and checked out. Usually publishers of public repositories make bare repositories available." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_directory">directory</a>  &scy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &icy; &scy;&ucy;&fcy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&ocy;&mcy;  <code>.git</code> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&icy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;, &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy;. &Tcy;&ocy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &acy;&dcy;&mcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy; &ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy;  Git , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &vcy; &scy;&kcy;&rcy;&ycy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy;  <code>.git</code> , &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy;  <code>repository.git</code> , &icy; &ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &icy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;. &Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&vcy;  public  &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy; &kcy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ycy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefblobobjectablobobject"><span data-i18n="03e548e2a905576db1f85725c09db79e1d0d933982d2f035db8158932a053f74/2e" data-source="blob object" onmousemove="i18n(this)">blob object</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="99a634e472af4060cdc0e7bcf080c715f6b807d9c0bbb38296bbfac364a2aab9/7c" data-source="Untyped &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt;, e.g. the contents of a file." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&iecy;&tcy;&icy;&pcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a>  , &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefbranchabranch"><span data-i18n="f38c764c8aa00b6578f4254a4dc6d9b50f88fa926e270ea7859bd1b707cd8662/19" data-source="branch" onmousemove="i18n(this)">branch</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="b5d910d6023956834652415ceaa8719c141b69085a935360f0b614d1584a9cc8/bd" data-source="A &amp;quot;branch&amp;quot; is a line of development. The most recent &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit&quot;&gt;commit&lt;/a&gt; on a branch is referred to as the tip of that branch. The tip of the branch is &lt;a href=&quot;#def_ref&quot;&gt;referenced&lt;/a&gt; by a branch &lt;a href=&quot;#def_head&quot;&gt;head&lt;/a&gt;, which moves forward as additional development is done on the branch. A single Git &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt; can track an arbitrary number of branches, but your &lt;a href=&quot;#def_working_tree&quot;&gt;working tree&lt;/a&gt; is associated with just one of them (the &amp;quot;current&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;checked out&amp;quot; branch), and &lt;a href=&quot;#def_HEAD&quot;&gt;HEAD&lt;/a&gt; points to that branch." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&quot;branch&quot;  &mdash; &ZeroWidthSpace;&ZeroWidthSpace;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&icy;&yacy;. &Scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit">commit</a>  &vcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;. &Ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&chcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_ref">referenced</a>  &ocy;&tcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_head">head</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &dcy;&vcy;&icy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy; &pcy;&ocy; &mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &vcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;. &Ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;  Git   <a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a>  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &ncy;&ocy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_working_tree">working tree</a>  &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy; &icy;&zcy; &ncy;&icy;&khcy; (&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&softcy;&yucy;  &quot;current&quot;  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  &quot;checked out&quot; ), &acy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_HEAD">HEAD</a>  &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&softcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefcacheacache"><span data-i18n="5e1ecee06a7fc06f305ae5c12acfe7a7f67b8ece7af76932ed3afab00c3c6921/45" data-source="cache" onmousemove="i18n(this)">cache</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="2b5d93877b10ef61e83810377e1878e783498a0592a30d34ff2fafd9216e44ec/53" data-source="Obsolete for: &lt;a href=&quot;#def_index&quot;&gt;index&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ucy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&iecy;&lcy;&ocy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy;:  <a href="user-manual.html#def_index">index</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefchainachain"><span data-i18n="9414886b1ebf025db067a4cbd13a0903fbd9733a5372bba1b58bd72c1699b798/b1" data-source="chain" onmousemove="i18n(this)">chain</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="4d1f956620fb5b1a3867bb62a035e40684ec6158446ae7a5e145250477062b70/5a" data-source="A list of objects, where each &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt; in the list contains a reference to its successor (for example, the successor of a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit&quot;&gt;commit&lt;/a&gt; could be one of its &lt;a href=&quot;#def_parent&quot;&gt;parents&lt;/a&gt;)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &gcy;&dcy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ycy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a>  &vcy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&kcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&ucy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&iecy;&mcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy; (&ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&iecy;&mcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit">commit</a>  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &icy;&zcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_parent">parents</a> ).</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefchangesetachangeset"><span data-i18n="8f75dabae22a0e19461ce9fdd5ff2ef52b8456db857b0423a9b8c37710188b82/65" data-source="changeset" onmousemove="i18n(this)">changeset</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="fa8089a567f6448689736caa86646bc3186f2c2e363589c7483692614ba6f2a8/0a" data-source="BitKeeper/cvsps speak for &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit&quot;&gt;commit&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;. Since Git does not store changes, but states, it really does not make sense to use the term &amp;quot;changesets&amp;quot; with Git." onmousemove="i18n(this)">BitKeeper/cvsps &gcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy; &ocy;  &quot;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit">commit</a>  &quot; . &Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy;  Git  &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &acy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&mcy;&icy;&ncy;  &quot;changesets&quot;  &scy;  Git  &dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&mcy;&ycy;&scy;&lcy;&acy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefcheckoutacheckout"><span data-i18n="c7761e58969f7edd498186641b2021e8477e1bcd230de4cf3435242da4a40d14/a8" data-source="checkout" onmousemove="i18n(this)">checkout</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="ffa1307e8f5a67e099947fcec11edb7cff31d715faf28cdfb019d57d88d452d0/bd" data-source="The action of updating all or part of the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_working_tree&quot;&gt;working tree&lt;/a&gt; with a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tree_object&quot;&gt;tree object&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;#def_blob_object&quot;&gt;blob&lt;/a&gt; from the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object_database&quot;&gt;object database&lt;/a&gt;, and updating the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_index&quot;&gt;index&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;#def_HEAD&quot;&gt;HEAD&lt;/a&gt; if the whole working tree has been pointed at a new &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_working_tree">working tree</a>  &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tree_object">tree object</a>  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_blob_object">blob</a>  &icy;&zcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object_database">object database</a> , &acy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_index">index</a>  &icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_HEAD">HEAD</a> , &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefcherry-pickingacherry-picking"><span data-i18n="fbeba9ea7671846f386f70691e5b080609596a46c299ba975f74010544ced0f2/99" data-source="cherry-picking" onmousemove="i18n(this)">cherry-picking</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="9388f0c3615d1fcecee44518ba9125644ac654f88393a303d9d1c7551c009ed4/2b" data-source="In &lt;a href=&quot;#def_SCM&quot;&gt;SCM&lt;/a&gt; jargon, &amp;quot;cherry pick&amp;quot; means to choose a subset of changes out of a series of changes (typically commits) and record them as a new series of changes on top of a different codebase. In Git, this is performed by the &amp;quot;git cherry-pick&amp;quot; command to extract the change introduced by an existing &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit&quot;&gt;commit&lt;/a&gt; and to record it based on the tip of the current &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt; as a new commit." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy; &zhcy;&acy;&rcy;&gcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_SCM">SCM</a>   &quot;cherry pick&quot;  &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; (&ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&jcy;) &icy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;. &Vcy; Git &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ocy;&jcy;  &quot;git cherry-pick&quot;  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit">commit</a> , &icy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&icy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a>  &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefcleanaclean"><span data-i18n="3b066804f6d1d077173cfe4d06002e6a61e6f21c2b2e648417962115f1afcd8e/f5" data-source="clean" onmousemove="i18n(this)">clean</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="01bcf859a41f28c23cb23570da02ec6112430e85a00d77f3ad77540971507c9c/63" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_working_tree&quot;&gt;working tree&lt;/a&gt; is clean, if it corresponds to the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_revision&quot;&gt;revision&lt;/a&gt; referenced by the current &lt;a href=&quot;#def_head&quot;&gt;head&lt;/a&gt;. Also see &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;#def_dirty&quot;&gt;dirty&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_working_tree">working tree</a>  &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &chcy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&ycy;&mcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&ncy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_revision">revision</a> , &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_head">head</a> . &Scy;&mcy;. &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy;  &quot;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_dirty">dirty</a>  &quot; .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefcommitacommit"><span data-i18n="9505cacb7c710ed17125fcc6cb3669e8ddca6c8cd8af6a31f6b3cd64604c3098/55" data-source="commit" onmousemove="i18n(this)">commit</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="e3826cd1ab55191bf966e95cdc2a2d3d60078c99fce9023d537c74a6ae2b3975/38" data-source="As a noun: A single point in the Git history; the entire history of a project is represented as a set of interrelated commits. The word &amp;quot;commit&amp;quot; is often used by Git in the same places other revision control systems use the words &amp;quot;revision&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;version&amp;quot;. Also used as a short hand for &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit_object&quot;&gt;commit object&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy;: &Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy; &tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&acy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;  Git ; &vcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &ZeroWidthSpace;&ZeroWidthSpace;&kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ncy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy; &vcy;&zcy;&acy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Scy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;  &quot;commit&quot;  &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  Git  &vcy; &tcy;&iecy;&khcy; &zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&khcy;, &gcy;&dcy;&iecy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;  &quot;revision&quot;  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  &quot;version&quot; . &Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &scy;&ocy;&kcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit_object">commit object</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="c440402a62f9bdfb263f32d0e3a17ec1ab26c204f8e1d1926687e4b5718fe99e/b1" data-source="As a verb: The action of storing a new snapshot of the project&amp;rsquo;s state in the Git history, by creating a new commit representing the current state of the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_index&quot;&gt;index&lt;/a&gt; and advancing &lt;a href=&quot;#def_HEAD&quot;&gt;HEAD&lt;/a&gt; to point at the new commit." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &gcy;&lcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&acy;: &dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&kcy;&acy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;  Git  &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_index">index</a> , &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&vcy;&icy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_HEAD">HEAD</a> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefcommitgraphgeneralacommitgraphconceptrepresentationsandusage"><span data-i18n="ab8264a5b10a748b6b71e3826711308007daf211389384cd377b25e2b4aea6d6/53" data-source="commit graph concept, representations and usage" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tscy;&iecy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &gcy;&rcy;&acy;&fcy;&acy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="ed7e49483755437fe88535fac3984925dbc5d0bc33e7d06d0092db2905b0ed46/e2" data-source="A synonym for the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_DAG&quot;&gt;DAG&lt;/a&gt; structure formed by the commits in the object database, &lt;a href=&quot;#def_ref&quot;&gt;referenced&lt;/a&gt; by branch tips, using their &lt;a href=&quot;#def_chain&quot;&gt;chain&lt;/a&gt; of linked commits. This structure is the definitive commit graph. The graph can be represented in other ways, e.g. the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit_graph_file&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;commit-graph&amp;quot; file&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ycy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_DAG">DAG</a> , &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &vcy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&iecy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;,  <a href="user-manual.html#def_ref">referenced</a>  - &scy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy; &scy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &icy;&khcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_chain">chain</a>  &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&acy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&rcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &gcy;&rcy;&acy;&fcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Gcy;&rcy;&acy;&fcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit_graph_file">&quot;commit-graph&quot; file</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefcommitgraphfileacommit-graphfile"><span data-i18n="ccdb09257a89f7d9969e198c96675ffc5ecf69d6d148180ef25195afe329af8f/f1" data-source="commit-graph file" onmousemove="i18n(this)">commit-graph file</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="910ba7c39809ccad0ccdd936876025c8a4555ca82a271fbd45b41b5f2a179aa7/26" data-source="The &amp;quot;commit-graph&amp;quot; (normally hyphenated) file is a supplemental representation of the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit_graph_general&quot;&gt;commit graph&lt;/a&gt; which accelerates commit graph walks. The &amp;quot;commit-graph&amp;quot; file is stored either in the .git/objects/info directory or in the info directory of an alternate object database." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;  &quot;commit-graph&quot;  (&ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy; &dcy;&iecy;&fcy;&icy;&scy;) &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit_graph_general">commit graph</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &ucy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy; &gcy;&rcy;&acy;&fcy;&acy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;. &Fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;  &quot;commit-graph&quot;  &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy; .git/objects/info, &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy; info &acy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefcommitobjectacommitobject"><span data-i18n="de4819de1764a7f60d880fe180b8b3e5eb24d8fa1571760baf1613ba4bfa023a/a0" data-source="commit object" onmousemove="i18n(this)">commit object</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="f1ffd035bc7835cc8ee0a4dc78c06261f6ded75e64c537b7b5e2673be8405713/ce" data-source="An &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt; which contains the information about a particular &lt;a href=&quot;#def_revision&quot;&gt;revision&lt;/a&gt;, such as &lt;a href=&quot;#def_parent&quot;&gt;parents&lt;/a&gt;, committer, author, date and the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tree_object&quot;&gt;tree object&lt;/a&gt; which corresponds to the top &lt;a href=&quot;#def_directory&quot;&gt;directory&lt;/a&gt; of the stored revision." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_revision">revision</a> , &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_parent">parents</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;, &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&iecy;, &dcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tree_object">tree object</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_directory">directory</a>  &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefcommit-ishacommit-ishalsocommittish"><span data-i18n="abfd70a5aeb4a183a1d2e284e07485f6f391278156428bc513357dad1dba1f9d/9a" data-source="commit-ish (also committish)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&scy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; (&tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;)</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="499a9e1eefa1221616ff0dd9b13803c2a366180cbd947563a44c346a5a5d41e9/f7" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit_object&quot;&gt;commit object&lt;/a&gt; or an &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt; that can be recursively &lt;a href=&quot;#def_dereference&quot;&gt;dereferenced&lt;/a&gt; to a commit object. The following are all commit-ishes: a commit object, a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tag_object&quot;&gt;tag object&lt;/a&gt; that points to a commit object, a tag object that points to a tag object that points to a commit object, etc." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_commit_object">commit object</a>  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ycy; &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_dereference">dereferenced</a>  &kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;. &Ncy;&icy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;: &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;,  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tag_object">tag object</a> , &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;-&tcy;&iecy;&gcy;, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;-&tcy;&iecy;&gcy;, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &icy; &tcy;.&nbsp;&dcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefcoregitacoreGit"><span data-i18n="33d72c58f6eb3fd1da3e3d75dd0a1abdd17a6b2a1ea6e712a11f15d436ec7dc4/29" data-source="core Git" onmousemove="i18n(this)">core Git</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="4c47d58784bec4c0cb554c8bcd8095a107e78965d6049307af0e6cc05fb5e50e/ab" data-source="Fundamental data structures and utilities of Git. Exposes only limited source code management tools." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ycy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy; &ucy;&tcy;&icy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; Git. &Pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ycy; &ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&mcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefDAGaDAG"><span data-i18n="c2e154fbd396ff1d7ce839465804782e9480cf7a35bc32185d9a360c75ba2b7c/d6" data-source="DAG" onmousemove="i18n(this)">DAG</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="e1ff898248dee2ed4103f535285a562bb59a45888e2ac0e2ff693f2dcf1e276d/30" data-source="Directed acyclic graph. The &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit_object&quot;&gt;commit objects&lt;/a&gt; form a directed acyclic graph, because they have parents (directed), and the graph of commit objects is acyclic (there is no &lt;a href=&quot;#def_chain&quot;&gt;chain&lt;/a&gt; which begins and ends with the same &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt;)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &acy;&tscy;&icy;&kcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy; &gcy;&rcy;&acy;&fcy;.  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit_object">commit objects</a>  &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &acy;&tscy;&icy;&kcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy; &gcy;&rcy;&acy;&fcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &ucy; &ncy;&icy;&khcy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; (&ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy;), &acy; &gcy;&rcy;&acy;&fcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &acy;&tscy;&icy;&kcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; (&ncy;&iecy;&tcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_chain">chain</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy; &zcy;&acy;&kcy;&acy;&ncy;&chcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy; &icy; &tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &zhcy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a> ).</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefdanglingobjectadanglingobject"><span data-i18n="66ba5825f95fc4c5b860816ffae8be87c7b060b79969d144bfc01c4ae01709ab/f2" data-source="dangling object" onmousemove="i18n(this)">dangling object</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="c758c4eafc2e0609b1446646df9348bf94a705995681e282c48816dfc9ef2199/29" data-source="An &lt;a href=&quot;#def_unreachable_object&quot;&gt;unreachable object&lt;/a&gt; which is not &lt;a href=&quot;#def_reachable&quot;&gt;reachable&lt;/a&gt; even from other unreachable objects; a dangling object has no references to it from any reference or &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt; in the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_unreachable_object">unreachable object</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ncy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_reachable">reachable</a>  &dcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;; &vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy;&kcy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&icy; &icy;&zcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy;, &ncy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a>  &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefdereferenceadereference"><span data-i18n="724907151cc384f852161bf44bcbb8ef4ca0c9426c421269fbe7eebfb6e12e23/fa" data-source="dereference" onmousemove="i18n(this)">dereference</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="d7e832192e84eb3dc308f8a63121279bef959954237c65b93a53a7e9ad0148d7/8a" data-source="Referring to a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_symref&quot;&gt;symbolic ref&lt;/a&gt;: the action of accessing the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_ref&quot;&gt;reference&lt;/a&gt; pointed at by a symbolic ref. Recursive dereferencing involves repeating the aforementioned process on the resulting ref until a non-symbolic reference is found." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&scy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_symref">symbolic ref</a> : &dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&acy; &kcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_ref">reference</a> , &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&acy;. &Rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy;&ucy;&pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&yacy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&acy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &dcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy;&jcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&acy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="5341ac509b3803db4ab9088d8ffe4e3922b9a6a579c3f0ff3d63cb271cd92a6e/ad" data-source="Referring to a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tag_object&quot;&gt;tag object&lt;/a&gt;: the action of accessing the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt; a tag points at. Tags are recursively dereferenced by repeating the operation on the result object until the result has either a specified &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object_type&quot;&gt;object type&lt;/a&gt; (where applicable) or any non-&amp;quot;tag&amp;quot; object type. A synonym for &amp;quot;recursive dereference&amp;quot; in the context of tags is &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;#def_peel&quot;&gt;peel&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&scy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tag_object">tag object</a> : &dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&acy; &kcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a>  &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;. &Tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&icy; &rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&dcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy; &dcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object_type">object type</a>  (&gcy;&dcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;) &icy;&lcy;&icy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &ocy;&tcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&tcy;  &quot;tag&quot; . &Scy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;  &quot;recursive dereference&quot;  &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy; &mdash;  &quot;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_peel">peel</a>  &quot; .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="eeeaf8001bd081660a69dab275240528632ae1d643dc0257919129ddfa0890d2/e3" data-source="Referring to a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit_object&quot;&gt;commit object&lt;/a&gt;: the action of accessing the commit&amp;rsquo;s tree object. Commits cannot be dereferenced recursively." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&yacy;&scy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit_object">commit object</a> : &dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&acy; &kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;. &Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy; &ncy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ycy; &rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="db00799b154a11e33ffd594a2ea8bc449b2a6d5ca082fc4225425fca7d221918/51" data-source="Unless otherwise specified, &amp;quot;dereferencing&amp;quot; as it used in the context of Git commands or protocols is implicitly recursive." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy;,  &quot;dereferencing&quot; , &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;  Git , &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&yacy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefdetachedHEADadetachedHEAD"><span data-i18n="448587ddd7b6f809d9986321a5806a658818e9fd8b9e224c410844db77bed1cc/c0" data-source="detached HEAD" onmousemove="i18n(this)">detached HEAD</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="4a987264000075a7529654d15c08c80d27b8fc481e3c4f3bed2017b38139c771/7b" data-source="Normally the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_HEAD&quot;&gt;HEAD&lt;/a&gt; stores the name of a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt;, and commands that operate on the history HEAD represents operate on the history leading to the tip of the branch the HEAD points at. However, Git also allows you to &lt;a href=&quot;#def_checkout&quot;&gt;check out&lt;/a&gt; an arbitrary &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit&quot;&gt;commit&lt;/a&gt; that isn&amp;rsquo;t necessarily the tip of any particular branch. The HEAD in such a state is called &amp;quot;detached&amp;quot;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_HEAD">HEAD</a>  &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a> , &acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &scy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; HEAD, &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &scy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy;, &vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &kcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&ucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; HEAD. &Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;  Git  &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_checkout">check out</a>  &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit">commit</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;. &Gcy;&Ocy;&Lcy;&Ocy;&Vcy;&Kcy;&Acy; &vcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  &quot;detached&quot; .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="1411f154ae0c05c02c29c05d62553369a18fc7050312913d950799654ced86b0/e2" data-source="Note that commands that operate on the history of the current branch (e.g. &lt;code&gt;git commit&lt;/code&gt; to build a new history on top of it) still work while the HEAD is detached. They update the HEAD to point at the tip of the updated history without affecting any branch. Commands that update or inquire information &lt;code&gt;about&lt;/code&gt; the current branch (e.g. &lt;code&gt;git
branch --set-upstream-to&lt;/code&gt; that sets what remote-tracking branch the current branch integrates with) obviously do not work, as there is no (real) current branch to ask about in this state." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &scy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; (&ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;,  <code>git commit</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy; &ncy;&iecy;&iecy;), &pcy;&ocy;-&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy; HEAD &ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;. &Ocy;&ncy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; HEAD, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&ncy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &ncy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&gcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &ncy;&icy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&softcy;. &Kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&shcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy;  <code>about</code>  &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; (&ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;,  <code>git
branch --set-upstream-to</code> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &scy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;), &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &ncy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&tcy; (&rcy;&iecy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy;) &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy; &scy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefdirectoryadirectory"><span data-i18n="333178788eae3e0b14c9b07bbbb6232bfa4689c7f134eeaa9daae60aba96de53/c4" data-source="directory" onmousemove="i18n(this)">directory</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="60c92b60e0c2a3bfc209e26a4268bf997b6744e26bc4f8f4f0f2bbd64f386961/d5" data-source="The list you get with &amp;quot;ls&amp;quot; :-)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;  &quot;ls&quot;  :-)</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefdirtyadirty"><span data-i18n="d0c92c764c5647d43d7166efc3e7d350751de063c1388bd2e113fab4865529d3/7a" data-source="dirty" onmousemove="i18n(this)">dirty</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="1830427b7f505448959aa95fe298c92c5e60d4f3c2efdb54d5a6e4335d10d684/c2" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_working_tree&quot;&gt;working tree&lt;/a&gt; is said to be &amp;quot;dirty&amp;quot; if it contains modifications which have not been &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit&quot;&gt;committed&lt;/a&gt; to the current &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_working_tree">working tree</a>  &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  &quot;dirty&quot; , &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&ncy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit">committed</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefevilmergeaevilmerge"><span data-i18n="ee4bd30047089b01a4b83a347a6a2e919603fac5917be5db960499da7870571c/7a" data-source="evil merge" onmousemove="i18n(this)">evil merge</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="9f4401e32c8ba7600b71433418a96f8d5a2d9d4d025e0af94075347214168243/d2" data-source="An evil merge is a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_merge&quot;&gt;merge&lt;/a&gt; that introduces changes that do not appear in any &lt;a href=&quot;#def_parent&quot;&gt;parent&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Zcy;&lcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_merge">merge</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &ncy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&icy; &vcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_parent">parent</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddeffastforwardafast-forward"><span data-i18n="cb5d6bd5b9e792201a7a7fb7145f8e06ad3a7c10e80ab81302926001e2ac3735/cd" data-source="fast-forward" onmousemove="i18n(this)">fast-forward</span></dt> <dd> <p> <span data-i18n="5b841e1eabb4192fc7795db2bfaf1dccbd48eef3cae1719ba357e089f72987a4/76" data-source="A fast-forward is a special type of &lt;a href=&quot;#def_merge&quot;&gt;merge&lt;/a&gt; where you have a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_revision&quot;&gt;revision&lt;/a&gt; and you are &amp;quot;merging&amp;quot; another &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt;&amp;apos;s changes that happen to be a descendant of what you have. In such a case, you do not make a new &lt;a href=&quot;#def_merge&quot;&gt;merge&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit&quot;&gt;commit&lt;/a&gt; but instead just update your branch to point at the same revision as the branch you are merging. This will happen frequently on a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_remote_tracking_branch&quot;&gt;remote-tracking branch&lt;/a&gt; of a remote &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &vcy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy; &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&jcy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_merge">merge</a> , &gcy;&dcy;&iecy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_revision">revision</a> , &acy; &vcy;&ycy; &mdash;  &quot;merging&quot; , &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ucy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy;. &Vcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_merge">merge</a> <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit">commit</a> , &acy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&ncy;&acy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &ncy;&acy; &tcy;&ucy; &zhcy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&yucy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_remote_tracking_branch">remote-tracking branch</a>  &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddeffetchafetch"><span data-i18n="e7d3799ecc09f5cbc446aa0a79bb1fb9d0126395fa19a5903b7425f42e5e92e7/87" data-source="fetch" onmousemove="i18n(this)">fetch</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="1cf0c61ada1f442c83b95d73b374de805ebc0733bf012a4700d3e9960889829a/00" data-source="Fetching a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt; means to get the branch&amp;rsquo;s &lt;a href=&quot;#def_head_ref&quot;&gt;head ref&lt;/a&gt; from a remote &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt;, to find out which objects are missing from the local &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object_database&quot;&gt;object database&lt;/a&gt;, and to get them, too. See also &lt;a href=&quot;git-fetch&quot;&gt;git-fetch[1]&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a>  &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_head_ref">head ref</a>  &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ocy;&tcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a> , &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &vcy;&ycy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &vcy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object_database">object database</a> , &acy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy;. &Scy;&mcy;. &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy;  <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch[1]</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddeffilesystemafilesystem"><span data-i18n="fda638bcc9d296bbe51fdbc93d77c763b528a34ee08aba6a5139a1e66c3ce9e3/20" data-source="file system" onmousemove="i18n(this)">file system</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="d524b862d93d8a6156408d41787a1ad08905a7563f47dacb9df121839c94aeda/cf" data-source="Linus Torvalds originally designed Git to be a user space file system, i.e. the infrastructure to hold files and directories. That ensured the efficiency and speed of Git." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Lcy;&icy;&ncy;&ucy;&scy; &Tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&dcy;&scy; &icy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;  Git  &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy;, &tcy;&ocy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&rcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ucy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&lcy;&ocy; &ecy;&fcy;&fcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy; &scy;&kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ycy;  Git .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefgitarchiveaGitarchive"><span data-i18n="65966d06755a4b4550cb6c9ca7b13eb292feabadab9382cd374b72b3ec689046/a6" data-source="Git archive" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git archive</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="13a5f368bea52718d31645d136b9efbc279b71460c96ef29e88d08b358563fff/c7" data-source="Synonym for &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt; (for arch people)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a>  (&dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&lcy;&yucy;&dcy;&iecy;&jcy;).</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefgitfileagitfile"><span data-i18n="9120db9ef5ba17aed8079d41860a837fea3ae02631f2ea08461e65cbbd95752b/d2" data-source="gitfile" onmousemove="i18n(this)">gitfile</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="b9a4a4770c27404a21118014081a5548ef92740d089f70981fe05cc3d40bc8e1/89" data-source="A plain file &lt;code&gt;.git&lt;/code&gt; at the root of a working tree that points at the directory that is the real repository. For proper use see &lt;a href=&quot;git-worktree&quot;&gt;git-worktree[1]&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;git-submodule&quot;&gt;git-submodule[1]&lt;/a&gt;. For syntax see &lt;a href=&quot;gitrepository-layout&quot;&gt;gitrepository-layout[5]&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;  <code>.git</code>  &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ncy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;. &Dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&mcy;.  <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree[1]</a>  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  <a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule[1]</a> . &Scy;&icy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&scy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy;  <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout[5]</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefgraftsagrafts"><span data-i18n="319af9f5d5e6ecbc158665668a67107c5a35dd7a84bee60bc379d3a672250741/c6" data-source="grafts" onmousemove="i18n(this)">grafts</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="8cdb154012bc772d38885932a2ab4f7707f467961483dde53f7fce234e0b0d05/89" data-source="Grafts enable two otherwise different lines of development to be joined together by recording fake ancestry information for commits. This way you can make Git pretend the set of &lt;a href=&quot;#def_parent&quot;&gt;parents&lt;/a&gt; a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit&quot;&gt;commit&lt;/a&gt; has is different from what was recorded when the commit was created. Configured via the &lt;code&gt;.git/info/grafts&lt;/code&gt; file." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Gcy;&rcy;&acy;&fcy;&tcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&vcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &fcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  Git  &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_parent">parents</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit">commit</a> , &ocy;&tcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;. &Ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;  <code>.git/info/grafts</code> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="d9d4c1d604487066f41f55e0be3bb75882809eb0415c4f446771d563389cc749/bf" data-source="Note that the grafts mechanism is outdated and can lead to problems transferring objects between repositories; see &lt;a href=&quot;git-replace&quot;&gt;git-replace[1]&lt;/a&gt; for a more flexible and robust system to do the same thing." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&iecy;&khcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&zcy;&mcy; &tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&scy;&pcy;&lcy;&acy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&iecy;&lcy; &icy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &kcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;; &scy;&mcy;.  <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace[1]</a> , &gcy;&dcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &ZeroWidthSpace;&ZeroWidthSpace;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &gcy;&icy;&bcy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy; &ncy;&acy;&dcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;, &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy; &zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefhashahash"><span data-i18n="d04b98f48e8f8bcc15c6ae5ac050801cd6dcfd428fb5f9e65c4e16e7807340fa/82" data-source="hash" onmousemove="i18n(this)">hash</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="2f0f5d74af2a4d699eb0191ef7eff29890bf645a8e71408cd24169cc83406cce/c0" data-source="In Git&amp;rsquo;s context, synonym for &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object_name&quot;&gt;object name&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy; Git &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object_name">object name</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefheadahead"><span data-i18n="9f2e6d33a3717ee826353a404ba4618d1aeeb6879ad7936bce8ed5f46814924d/c2" data-source="head" onmousemove="i18n(this)">head</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="90bff658b10f6a63bf7ad9920d9762ffe7ace9cfa7f1a07bc2e2140b3504716d/19" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_ref&quot;&gt;named reference&lt;/a&gt; to the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit&quot;&gt;commit&lt;/a&gt; at the tip of a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt;. Heads are stored in a file in &lt;code&gt;$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/&lt;/code&gt; directory, except when using packed refs. (See &lt;a href=&quot;git-pack-refs&quot;&gt;git-pack-refs[1]&lt;/a&gt;.)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&tcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_ref">named reference</a>  &dcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit">commit</a>  &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a> . &Zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&iecy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy;  <code>$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/</code> , &zcy;&acy; &icy;&scy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&vcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ucy;&pcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy;&kcy;. (&Scy;&mcy;.  <a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs[1]</a> .)</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefHEADaHEAD"><span data-i18n="b5180223165af3583fd0724209986caf2a62692654b74c525027dda592404330/22" data-source="HEAD" onmousemove="i18n(this)">HEAD</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="017be490942c535816b177eb734ccffdb75cc3a0cc69709521342bb23000b777/bc" data-source="The current &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt;. In more detail: Your &lt;a href=&quot;#def_working_tree&quot;&gt;working tree&lt;/a&gt; is normally derived from the state of the tree referred to by HEAD. HEAD is a reference to one of the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_head&quot;&gt;heads&lt;/a&gt; in your repository, except when using a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_detached_HEAD&quot;&gt;detached HEAD&lt;/a&gt;, in which case it directly references an arbitrary commit." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a> . &Bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;: &vcy;&acy;&shcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_working_tree">working tree</a>  &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; HEAD. HEAD &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&acy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &icy;&zcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_head">heads</a>  &vcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;, &zcy;&acy; &icy;&scy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_detached_HEAD">detached HEAD</a> , &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &ocy;&ncy; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&yacy;&mcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefheadrefaheadref"><span data-i18n="03c60f1348b1f425aa05bf0f83ef9b11fae40a829eed25f870260c8528a1863b/cd" data-source="head ref" onmousemove="i18n(this)">head ref</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="d1013296354d2271b1d7a30e31f3ba6579e25500a72b6b206d9108bdeb59ae4e/24" data-source="A synonym for &lt;a href=&quot;#def_head&quot;&gt;head&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_head">head</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefhookahook"><span data-i18n="0648298b48be031996277ae472115a46e7964d2ac3882e61b84351f3c3f8a547/09" data-source="hook" onmousemove="i18n(this)">hook</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="bb1f8a20418416a300bbb30fb5f43eb90757467f9379809e7092dc7459c2306b/5f" data-source="During the normal execution of several Git commands, call-outs are made to optional scripts that allow a developer to add functionality or checking. Typically, the hooks allow for a command to be pre-verified and potentially aborted, and allow for a post-notification after the operation is done. The hook scripts are found in the &lt;code&gt;$GIT_DIR/hooks/&lt;/code&gt; directory, and are enabled by simply removing the &lt;code&gt;.sample&lt;/code&gt; suffix from the filename. In earlier versions of Git you had to make them executable." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;  Git  &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&vcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&ucy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&ocy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy;. &Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&vcy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ucy;, &acy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;-&ucy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&mcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;. &Scy;&tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy;  <code>$GIT_DIR/hooks/</code>  &icy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ycy;&mcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&ucy;&fcy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;  <code>.sample</code>  &icy;&zcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;. &Vcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&icy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy;&khcy;  Git  &vcy;&acy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&lcy;&ocy;&scy;&softcy; &dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&khcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefindexaindex"><span data-i18n="1bc04b5291c26a46d918139138b992d2de976d6851d0893b0476b85bfbdfc6e6/44" data-source="index" onmousemove="i18n(this)">index</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="6419c1fcac25672faf1b2e063ebcf60129481c585423cb04bbc5d343af4c7740/dd" data-source="A collection of files with stat information, whose contents are stored as objects. The index is a stored version of your &lt;a href=&quot;#def_working_tree&quot;&gt;working tree&lt;/a&gt;. Truth be told, it can also contain a second, and even a third version of a working tree, which are used when &lt;a href=&quot;#def_merge&quot;&gt;merging&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &scy;&ocy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy;, &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_working_tree">working tree</a> . &Pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&dcy;&acy;, &ocy;&ncy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy; &vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy;, &icy; &dcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_merge">merging</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefindexentryaindexentry"><span data-i18n="9ff95b05550a7d94e0eee18df1fe0d3d8d3ecc2b2904a93e78a3ec9bdd655e54/0f" data-source="index entry" onmousemove="i18n(this)">index entry</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="45f80ed7c63ede9b1021f506cc377e3c5326bceb9bfa62f67982629935ca82a1/23" data-source="The information regarding a particular file, stored in the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_index&quot;&gt;index&lt;/a&gt;. An index entry can be unmerged, if a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_merge&quot;&gt;merge&lt;/a&gt; was started, but not yet finished (i.e. if the index contains multiple versions of that file)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&iecy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_index">index</a> . &Zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_merge">merge</a>  &bcy;&ycy;&lcy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;, &ncy;&ocy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy; (&tcy;. &iecy;. &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;).</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefmasteramaster"><span data-i18n="fc613b4dfd6736a7bd268c8a0e74ed0d1c04a959f59dd74ef2874983fd443fc9/76" data-source="master" onmousemove="i18n(this)">master</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="e4023bdbd8cb341a5b7445bdb631ad851a7b3f6fa3ffd7707ac617ef409f6c8e/94" data-source="The default development &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt;. Whenever you create a Git &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt;, a branch named &amp;quot;master&amp;quot; is created, and becomes the active branch. In most cases, this contains the local development, though that is purely by convention and is not required." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a> . &Vcy;&scy;&yacy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;  Git   <a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a>  , &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  &quot;master&quot; , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;. &Vcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy; &scy;&iecy;&bcy;&yacy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &chcy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&gcy;&lcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &icy; &ncy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefmergeamerge"><span data-i18n="283128acef14943c127f7327ca8f57e7cd7c31ec6c5546de5d62ab16a2f9758a/53" data-source="merge" onmousemove="i18n(this)">merge</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="7efb53416d10e16b46a9c54c240662d727c1ea26648e7e3d7b1a1aecf8b613e8/ae" data-source="As a verb: To bring the contents of another &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt; (possibly from an external &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt;) into the current branch. In the case where the merged-in branch is from a different repository, this is done by first &lt;a href=&quot;#def_fetch&quot;&gt;fetching&lt;/a&gt; the remote branch and then merging the result into the current branch. This combination of fetch and merge operations is called a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_pull&quot;&gt;pull&lt;/a&gt;. Merging is performed by an automatic process that identifies changes made since the branches diverged, and then applies all those changes together. In cases where changes conflict, manual intervention may be required to complete the merge." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &gcy;&lcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;: &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a>  (&vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &icy;&zcy; &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&shcy;&ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a> ) &vcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;. &Vcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&softcy; &vcy;&zcy;&yacy;&tcy;&acy; &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;, &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_fetch">fetching</a>  &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&bcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy; &icy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_pull">pull</a> . &Scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&ocy;&mcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &vcy;&ncy;&iecy;&scy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &acy; &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;. &Vcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&yacy;&khcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&lcy;&icy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy;, &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&shcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy; &vcy;&rcy;&ucy;&chcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="f615a0d2a72fffcaa17013c32b523cfac9974cb2a206e7d5589284b686260c55/20" data-source="As a noun: unless it is a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_fast_forward&quot;&gt;fast-forward&lt;/a&gt;, a successful merge results in the creation of a new &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit&quot;&gt;commit&lt;/a&gt; representing the result of the merge, and having as &lt;a href=&quot;#def_parent&quot;&gt;parents&lt;/a&gt; the tips of the merged &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branches&lt;/a&gt;. This commit is referred to as a &amp;quot;merge commit&amp;quot;, or sometimes just a &amp;quot;merge&amp;quot;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&kcy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy;: &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_fast_forward">fast-forward</a> , &ucy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&shcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &kcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit">commit</a> , &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &icy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_parent">parents</a>  &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branches</a> . &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  &quot;merge commit&quot; , &acy; &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;  &quot;merge&quot; .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefobjectaobject"><span data-i18n="2958d416d08aa5a472d7b509036cb7eafd542add84527e66a145ea64cb4cdc75/ac" data-source="object" onmousemove="i18n(this)">object</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="fa8f9e81d27f3625ca29df24ccef9570b591a2a83536a99d7fc17179c0feaae9/91" data-source="The unit of storage in Git. It is uniquely identified by the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_SHA1&quot;&gt;SHA-1&lt;/a&gt; of its contents. Consequently, an object cannot be changed." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&acy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; Git. &Ocy;&ncy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&tscy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy; &ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ucy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_SHA1">SHA-1</a>  &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;. &Scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefobjectdatabaseaobjectdatabase"><span data-i18n="e932e4c148f288637d15ada1401e1f993578f995d7c70f0ff9ae4feb69304408/2e" data-source="object database" onmousemove="i18n(this)">object database</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="48d6cabc0816f213c024834e1dbb955a830a9a8d6460a64cdcc4b4015d44dd0a/2c" data-source="Stores a set of &amp;quot;objects&amp;quot;, and an individual &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt; is identified by its &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object_name&quot;&gt;object name&lt;/a&gt;. The objects usually live in &lt;code&gt;$GIT_DIR/objects/&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&KHcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;  &quot;objects&quot; , &acy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a>  &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&tscy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object_name">object name</a> . &Ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&ucy;&tcy; &vcy;  <code>$GIT_DIR/objects/</code> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefobjectidentifieraobjectidentifieroid"><span data-i18n="0e19f1d9d10c04989e9de0de032db95539ce2f36ba445774364f9f717fc62891/62" data-source="object identifier (oid)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; (oid)</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="cc87f6ed381958487b9a79ba327758d780170395818a29e6591195c2e1355ce5/e8" data-source="Synonym for &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object_name&quot;&gt;object name&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object_name">object name</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefobjectnameaobjectname"><span data-i18n="ea2b9b97bfc9c77026333a87c289d96b013d96a7293bbe2f485dd8c829681bb7/47" data-source="object name" onmousemove="i18n(this)">object name</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="d06a90d7d17c29e8da9f885a3d67778559c67cd351d21cd7b60aa65c80529b4e/92" data-source="The unique identifier of an &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt;. The object name is usually represented by a 40 character hexadecimal string. Also colloquially called &lt;a href=&quot;#def_SHA1&quot;&gt;SHA-1&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ucy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a> . &Icy;&mcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &shcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&acy;&dcy;&tscy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy;&zcy; 40 &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_SHA1">SHA-1</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefobjecttypeaobjecttype"><span data-i18n="017a1661cefe5ebc4d2f6431a8875884402cbbc478eb457ae999b23e2e708173/76" data-source="object type" onmousemove="i18n(this)">object type</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="7c7f8e8055201ca5d0eea82da6c5675d852d67f93e783329b03513c229d75d68/32" data-source="One of the identifiers &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit_object&quot;&gt;commit&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;#def_tree_object&quot;&gt;tree&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;#def_tag_object&quot;&gt;tag&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;#def_blob_object&quot;&gt;blob&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; describing the type of an &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &icy;&zcy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;  &quot;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit_object">commit</a>  &quot; ,  &quot;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tree_object">tree</a>  &quot; ,  &quot;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tag_object">tag</a>  &quot;  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  &quot;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_blob_object">blob</a>  &quot; , &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefoctopusaoctopus"><span data-i18n="5633c9b8af6d089859afcbec42fdc03f8c407aaba9668218b433bd4959911465/49" data-source="octopus" onmousemove="i18n(this)">octopus</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="3133cc33ae1579f67d69e03bd4f78a7a315888705d5e5792ab508f28ad9c40c4/81" data-source="To &lt;a href=&quot;#def_merge&quot;&gt;merge&lt;/a&gt; more than two &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branches&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_merge">merge</a>  &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&khcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branches</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddeforphanaorphan"><span data-i18n="88f6811ab5d8fc6d3177f9b7609ae0fcebfda187e5046b62d38bb539e88b74d7/d1" data-source="orphan" onmousemove="i18n(this)">orphan</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="fd619359cf6d2a41b6670a7ed293b080851a6e19a0ccb8e335efa58ee134cf18/12" data-source="The act of getting on a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt; that does not exist yet (i.e., an &lt;a href=&quot;#def_unborn&quot;&gt;unborn&lt;/a&gt; branch). After such an operation, the commit first created becomes a commit without a parent, starting a new history." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Acy;&kcy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; (&tcy;. &iecy;. &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_unborn">unborn</a> ). &Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;, &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddeforiginaorigin"><span data-i18n="181fdd46fc4a7246b9f4f1eba3129ba5d724011af5f10223b3589955d1df108a/7c" data-source="origin" onmousemove="i18n(this)">origin</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="17c6fe867182ecbdc14b154efed91f328c112ae576e0361fb3a865992ce2a33a/c0" data-source="The default upstream &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt;. Most projects have at least one upstream project which they track. By default &lt;code&gt;origin&lt;/code&gt; is used for that purpose. New upstream updates will be fetched into &lt;a href=&quot;#def_remote_tracking_branch&quot;&gt;remote-tracking branches&lt;/a&gt; named origin/name-of-upstream-branch, which you can see using &lt;code&gt;git branch -r&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ocy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a>  &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy;. &Bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy; &kcy;&rcy;&acy;&jcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy; &mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;. &Pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &tscy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <code>origin</code> . &Ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&rcy;&ucy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy; &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_remote_tracking_branch">remote-tracking branches</a>  &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; origin/name-of-upstream-branch, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <code>git branch -r</code>  .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefoverlayaoverlay"><span data-i18n="b4b33d2441645d4dd0a0694b5989a0a14a5cc22fe9865e6b7b7eae966e0de36c/2a" data-source="overlay" onmousemove="i18n(this)">overlay</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="023586f5625ef45c5e31ad5f73898c00e0043224d5c3894f477a3ec9d5f5adf7/27" data-source="Only update and add files to the working directory, but don&amp;rsquo;t delete them, similar to how &lt;code&gt;cp -R&lt;/code&gt; would update the contents in the destination directory. This is the default mode in a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_checkout&quot;&gt;checkout&lt;/a&gt; when checking out files from the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_index&quot;&gt;index&lt;/a&gt; or a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tree-ish&quot;&gt;tree-ish&lt;/a&gt;. In contrast, no-overlay mode also deletes tracked files not present in the source, similar to &lt;code&gt;rsync --delete&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy; &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &vcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&yacy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy;&khcy;, &acy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  <code>cp -R</code>  &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy; &tscy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&mcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&iecy;. &Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_checkout">checkout</a>  &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy;&zcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_index">index</a>  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tree-ish">tree-ish</a> . &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;, &rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &ncy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy;, &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&iecy;, &acy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;  <code>rsync --delete</code> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefpackapack"><span data-i18n="4862f447f2c7f272fa2f4aaf89dadb3b1ac09105bd5864f8d1a0c9452bb0a226/5e" data-source="pack" onmousemove="i18n(this)">pack</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="83ed32ab7a7afb4e7f397449b132ad28496f3b24e17ec8c4f7b09ced3d6cbb6f/a1" data-source="A set of objects which have been compressed into one file (to save space or to transmit them efficiently)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &scy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; (&dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ecy;&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&icy;&icy; &mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&acy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &ecy;&fcy;&fcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;).</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefpackindexapackindex"><span data-i18n="57835a26d7770b694716d064bc0391b34bf80a9611e24b875c23370e3e2e72c0/23" data-source="pack index" onmousemove="i18n(this)">pack index</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="19bacc1039be5bb524d39890e703921a80517430d3d45827c3b18a33cdda380f/c4" data-source="The list of identifiers, and other information, of the objects in a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_pack&quot;&gt;pack&lt;/a&gt;, to assist in efficiently accessing the contents of a pack." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_pack">pack</a> , &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &ecy;&fcy;&fcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy; &kcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &pcy;&acy;&kcy;&iecy;&tcy;&acy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefpathspecapathspec"><span data-i18n="fce44ada080d4cc3c098c4d5efca5d19f8c7d473c099683e31b379e2f7d68418/ca" data-source="pathspec" onmousemove="i18n(this)">pathspec</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="3582fbfb3dd0b2334e84d28f25e0bcd1869ffd5daf83be763a6814bd65acaca8/82" data-source="Pattern used to limit paths in Git commands." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&SHcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;, &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;&khcy;  Git .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="97a967480f1d7e17b5aa0b5dac9bd224646b772bc1fa6a83add2d139187e7f8c/18" data-source="Pathspecs are used on the command line of &amp;quot;git ls-files&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;git ls-tree&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;git add&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;git grep&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;git diff&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;git checkout&amp;quot;, and many other commands to limit the scope of operations to some subset of the tree or working tree. See the documentation of each command for whether paths are relative to the current directory or toplevel. The pathspec syntax is as follows:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&iecy;  &quot;git ls-files&quot; ,  &quot;git ls-tree&quot; ,  &quot;git add&quot; ,  &quot;git grep&quot; ,  &quot;git diff&quot; ,  &quot;git checkout&quot;  &icy; &mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;. &Scy;&mcy;. &dcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &ocy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&yacy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &lcy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy; &kcy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&yucy;. &Scy;&icy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&scy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="f1a14c206e1d707c974bdb2d9845020e7f30b0f61f32fadf80ace3f08c83e44a/59" data-source="any path matches itself" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&vcy;&pcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy; &scy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy;</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="204005941c487c66877236f017ddfdc3da19fba28dc95155ce1ba55d28f6e1fe/76" data-source="the pathspec up to the last slash represents a directory prefix. The scope of that pathspec is limited to that subtree." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy; &dcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&jcy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&tcy;&ycy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;. &Ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy; &ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&mcy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p> <span data-i18n="6fbfd0d8ec2dabb51a933ea66ab58ad47ba9f7e5cbc24c725ea96f676e33bae8/f8" data-source="the rest of the pathspec is a pattern for the remainder of the pathname. Paths relative to the directory prefix will be matched against that pattern using fnmatch(3); in particular, &lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;?&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;can&lt;/code&gt; match directory separators." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&yacy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy;. &Pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy; &ocy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&mcy; &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; fnmatch(3); &vcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;,  <code>*</code>  &icy;  <code>?</code> <code>can</code>  &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;&mcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy;.</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="a457804695d3a5d01d323e15c9d436b914b27c98a155885901fc91558ae8e2d3/d3" data-source="For example, Documentation/*.jpg will match all .jpg files in the Documentation subtree, including Documentation/chapter_1/figure_1.jpg." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, Documentation/*.jpg &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&mcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy; .jpg &vcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&iecy; Documentation, &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&yacy; Documentation/chapter_1/figure_1.jpg.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="b9d200647a99b09aae440d6f55aa1cdf6e24680ef1070d30e98ec309d526d6d1/59" data-source="A pathspec that begins with a colon &lt;code&gt;:&lt;/code&gt; has special meaning. In the short form, the leading colon &lt;code&gt;:&lt;/code&gt; is followed by zero or more &amp;quot;magic signature&amp;quot; letters (which optionally is terminated by another colon &lt;code&gt;:&lt;/code&gt;), and the remainder is the pattern to match against the path. The &amp;quot;magic signature&amp;quot; consists of ASCII symbols that are neither alphanumeric, glob, regex special characters nor colon. The optional colon that terminates the &amp;quot;magic signature&amp;quot; can be omitted if the pattern begins with a character that does not belong to &amp;quot;magic signature&amp;quot; symbol set and is not a colon." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy;, &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&yacy;  <code>:</code> , &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&iecy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;. &Vcy; &kcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&vcy;&ycy;&mcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>:</code>  &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&kcy;&vcy;  &quot;magic signature&quot;  (&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>:</code>  ), &acy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;, &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;.  &quot;magic signature&quot;  &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&zcy; &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; ASCII, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&icy; &bcy;&ucy;&kcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;-&tscy;&icy;&fcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy;, &ncy;&icy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &rcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy;&rcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&ycy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;, &ncy;&icy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;. &Ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy;, &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy;  &quot;magic signature&quot; , &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&acy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ncy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&dcy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &kcy; &ncy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy; &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;  &quot;magic signature&quot;  &icy; &ncy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a2cadaf5305cf28e0a016b7a5d94ae287ecd51ed8ee84308995cab0f07008a59/6a" data-source="In the long form, the leading colon &lt;code&gt;:&lt;/code&gt; is followed by an open parenthesis &lt;code&gt;(&lt;/code&gt;, a comma-separated list of zero or more &amp;quot;magic words&amp;quot;, and a close parentheses &lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;, and the remainder is the pattern to match against the path." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &dcy;&lcy;&icy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>:</code>  &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&rcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&kcy;&ocy;&bcy;&kcy;&acy;  <code>(</code>  , &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &icy;&zcy; &ncy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy;  &quot;magic words&quot; , &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&yacy;&tcy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy;, &icy; &zcy;&acy;&kcy;&rcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &scy;&kcy;&ocy;&bcy;&kcy;&icy;  <code>)</code>  , &acy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="e7fed8f59ecdf76fc2e75f94721e529f0d89a10f02b3bc5f57e2162e0705a172/48" data-source="A pathspec with only a colon means &amp;quot;there is no pathspec&amp;quot;. This form should not be combined with other pathspec." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy;, &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &dcy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy;, &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;  &quot;there is no pathspec&quot; . &Ecy;&tcy;&ucy; &fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&ucy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&bcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;.</span></p> <div> <div> <div> <dl> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-top"><span data-i18n="28720365c5e7476a011e4f43ac003ee5f16247a263b9d623aa85ed311d73bf39/a4" data-source="top" onmousemove="i18n(this)">top</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="6468b6d0062a07e458d4e2079740093192228badcef0da0804418782a24e58f8/ab" data-source="The magic word &lt;code&gt;top&lt;/code&gt; (magic signature: &lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;) makes the pattern match from the root of the working tree, even when you are running the command from inside a subdirectory." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&shcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;  <code>top</code>  (&mcy;&acy;&gcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy;:  <code>/</code> ) &ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&iecy; &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ucy; &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ncy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &dcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ucy; &icy;&zcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-literal"><span data-i18n="829f8d848b44fa3098194754af5b60e2fb1517b0195956841beb6cac9bc68067/48" data-source="literal" onmousemove="i18n(this)">literal</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="0789fb0dd44a8190562fdfa0fde46fa535a0cf593f81702c425d5291d3316c60/8e" data-source="Wildcards in the pattern such as &lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;?&lt;/code&gt; are treated as literal characters." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy; &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  <code>*</code>  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  <code>?</code> , &rcy;&acy;&scy;&scy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &bcy;&ucy;&kcy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ycy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-icase"><span data-i18n="f128035d2e00f2c4ff9b2515a49b1765400df1aa0e101824c9e67b7bd534be96/f7" data-source="icase" onmousemove="i18n(this)">icase</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="f92372da07746bf9ba61387622929b98f17404e0a66f64d7cb88d276a414c1db/d6" data-source="Case insensitive match." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&iecy;&gcy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&zcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&vcy;&pcy;&acy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-glob"><span data-i18n="28c2dec15a9bd200bf93582445f1b3657c47ce68a7a50bd4acb6d8cdd88c6294/66" data-source="glob" onmousemove="i18n(this)">glob</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="570d7c274d8292a5b215a7f24666d8b26894e442bc7fc1d5d4291f1d107d354a/4a" data-source="Git treats the pattern as a shell glob suitable for consumption by fnmatch(3) with the FNM_PATHNAME flag: wildcards in the pattern will not match a / in the pathname. For example, &amp;quot;Documentation/*.html&amp;quot; matches &amp;quot;Documentation/git.html&amp;quot; but not &amp;quot;Documentation/ppc/ppc.html&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;tools/perf/Documentation/perf.html&amp;quot;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">Git  &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&acy;&tcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; glob &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&icy;, &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; fnmatch(3) &scy; &fcy;&lcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy; FNM_PATHNAME: &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy; &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; / &vcy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy;. &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;,  &quot;Documentation/*.html&quot;  &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;  &quot;Documentation/git.html&quot; , &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;  &quot;Documentation/ppc/ppc.html&quot;  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  &quot;tools/perf/Documentation/perf.html&quot; .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="d50afc8e427850d01d098c4eb95d8f9f1dd838974b20630eb294653833a952e5/8c" data-source="Two consecutive asterisks (&amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;**&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot;) in patterns matched against full pathname may have special meaning:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&vcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &zcy;&vcy;&iecy;&zcy;&dcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&icy; ( &quot;  <code>**</code>  &quot; ) &vcy; &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&acy;&khcy;, &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy;, &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&iecy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="24ddd2f8c3647972952e7f8599914e5b6ad5eee1d7f2eecf3df3122a88601baa/ea" data-source="A leading &amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;**&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot; followed by a slash means match in all directories. For example, &amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;**/foo&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot; matches file or directory &amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot; anywhere, the same as pattern &amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot;. &amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;**/foo/bar&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot; matches file or directory &amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;bar&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot; anywhere that is directly under directory &amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy;  &quot;  <code>**</code>  &quot; , &zcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&scy;&acy;&yacy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&tcy;&acy;, &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&vcy;&pcy;&acy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&ocy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&khcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;&khcy;. &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;,  &quot;  <code>**/foo</code>  &quot;  &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ucy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;  &quot;  <code>foo</code>  &quot;  &vcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&mcy; &mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy; &zhcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;  &quot;  <code>foo</code>  &quot; .  &quot;  <code>**/foo/bar</code>  &quot;  &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ucy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;  &quot;  <code>bar</code>  &quot;  &vcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&mcy; &mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;, &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy;  &quot;  <code>foo</code>  &quot; .</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="14849a70d467faf97ad24a1f140c18f699dab057fdd110034eeba81e43c16eba/8e" data-source="A trailing &amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;/**&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot; matches everything inside. For example, &amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;abc/**&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot; matches all files inside directory &amp;quot;abc&amp;quot;, relative to the location of the &lt;code&gt;.gitignore&lt;/code&gt; file, with infinite depth." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy;  &quot;  <code>/**</code>  &quot;  &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &vcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;. &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;,  &quot;  <code>abc/**</code>  &quot;  &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&mcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy; &vcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;  &quot;abc&quot;  &ocy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;  <code>.gitignore</code>  &scy; &bcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&iecy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &gcy;&lcy;&ucy;&bcy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="af217f6a820186574ffb7ab52af2caef5d2b126ebe9b36563d4f5fb73ba8ccdf/0e" data-source="A slash followed by two consecutive asterisks then a slash matches zero or more directories. For example, &amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;a/**/b&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot; matches &amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;a/b&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;a/x/b&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;a/x/y/b&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot; and so on." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&scy;&acy;&yacy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&tcy;&acy;, &zcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy; &dcy;&vcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &zcy;&vcy;&iecy;&zcy;&dcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&icy;, &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&scy;&acy;&yacy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&tcy;&acy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&ucy;&lcy;&yucy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;&mcy;. &Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;,  &quot;  <code>a/**/b</code>  &quot;  &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;  &quot;  <code>a/b</code>  &quot; ,  &quot;  <code>a/x/b</code>  &quot; ,  &quot;  <code>a/x/y/b</code>  &quot;  &icy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy; &dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="b5d42befe63a8172046eb5b6d8f589b91639af18b43187b2c12a67eda0a6f161/d5" data-source="Other consecutive asterisks are considered invalid." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &zcy;&vcy;&iecy;&zcy;&dcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy; &scy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="e399a411784838f3f5df7eb1e3418015ccf20fe7839e4df06966aa75293cf8c2/cb" data-source="Glob magic is incompatible with literal magic." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&SHcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&yacy; &mcy;&acy;&gcy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&ocy;&vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&mcy;&acy; &scy; &bcy;&ucy;&kcy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &mcy;&acy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy;.</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-attr"><span data-i18n="2148952c2c47033e44ec61fa83f01d8688db767553a0d2b6260428373d938fb8/47" data-source="attr" onmousemove="i18n(this)">attr</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="e2b189157d64b0c3e436df688bbbb48485769a2c53b6d5307f15dca0edb53999/f4" data-source="After &lt;code&gt;attr:&lt;/code&gt; comes a space separated list of &amp;quot;attribute requirements&amp;quot;, all of which must be met in order for the path to be considered a match; this is in addition to the usual non-magic pathspec pattern matching. See &lt;a href=&quot;gitattributes&quot;&gt;gitattributes[5]&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;  <code>attr:</code>  &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy;  &quot;attribute requirements&quot; , &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&yucy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ycy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&vcy;&pcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy;; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;&gcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &shcy;&acy;&bcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy; pathspec. &Scy;&mcy;.  <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes[5]</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="aec2a1f0143d28cbda56b9c3fe9b53341036a0b53abb6c8b59ac68ac96f443c1/e8" data-source="Each of the attribute requirements for the path takes one of these forms:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy; &acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&bcy;&ucy;&tcy;&ucy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ucy; &icy;&zcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy; &fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;:</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="9e2911e8f0c75a92127f325d9961686e73fed65d1cae039cdc7656354d92f3d6/b6" data-source="&amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;ATTR&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot; requires that the attribute &lt;code&gt;ATTR&lt;/code&gt; be set." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&quot;  <code>ATTR</code>  &quot;  &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy; &acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&bcy;&ucy;&tcy;&acy;  <code>ATTR</code> .</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="6321dbf09458b0eb292ac5bff21c952850db1ab3ffa3a89267bbf6116d0053f1/8b" data-source="&amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;-ATTR&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot; requires that the attribute &lt;code&gt;ATTR&lt;/code&gt; be unset." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&quot;  <code>-ATTR</code>  &quot;  &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&bcy;&ucy;&tcy;  <code>ATTR</code>  &bcy;&ycy;&lcy; &ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="597e15a5edb04e4af603923b66492cde5bad61a22c178b7f9c164673b260edcb/ae" data-source="&amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;ATTR=VALUE&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot; requires that the attribute &lt;code&gt;ATTR&lt;/code&gt; be set to the string &lt;code&gt;VALUE&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&quot;  <code>ATTR=VALUE</code>  &quot;  &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&bcy;&ucy;&tcy;  <code>ATTR</code>  &bcy;&ycy;&lcy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy; &vcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ucy;  <code>VALUE</code> .</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="fe144ccdd17227dc34f6b46f0529ea67afc119d575c743bc32b6df80b80780a2/e1" data-source="&amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;!ATTR&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot; requires that the attribute &lt;code&gt;ATTR&lt;/code&gt; be unspecified." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&quot;  <code>!ATTR</code>  &quot;  &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&bcy;&ucy;&tcy;  <code>ATTR</code>  &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="bfd50af7e6d9815f530a7c074dd0e0ad88f2a4cb0b288300e8a1836fcf5dc7a0/41" data-source="Note that when matching against a tree object, attributes are still obtained from working tree, not from the given tree object." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &scy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&bcy;&ucy;&tcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;-&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &acy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;.</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-exclude"><span data-i18n="35443277fe297662cfc34d304b04f2f5fb2b853a8292901001ef6232de91a7a3/4d" data-source="exclude" onmousemove="i18n(this)">exclude</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="cde80e9d02c1af47eda710bf510dccf06d99154d7e1574e66cc0c11c1347d209/a3" data-source="After a path matches any non-exclude pathspec, it will be run through all exclude pathspecs (magic signature: &lt;code&gt;!&lt;/code&gt; or its synonym &lt;code&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;). If it matches, the path is ignored. When there is no non-exclude pathspec, the exclusion is applied to the result set as if invoked without any pathspec." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &ncy;&iecy;&icy;&scy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy;, &ocy;&ncy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy; (&mcy;&acy;&gcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&icy;&gcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&ucy;&rcy;&acy;:  <code>!</code>  &icy;&lcy;&icy; &iecy;&iecy; &scy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;  <code>^</code>  ). &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&ncy; &scy;&ocy;&vcy;&pcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&gcy;&ncy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&icy;&scy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;, &icy;&scy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy; &ncy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy;&zcy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&icy;.</span></p> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefparentaparent"><span data-i18n="e47125968b3b71049fbc4802d1e40a71ea1359decfabacf70b34588037d4ff0c/b1" data-source="parent" onmousemove="i18n(this)">parent</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="7a843cccf44dac2752db572d9dfb4d10b56cd56ed73ee119780158416af84f81/95" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit_object&quot;&gt;commit object&lt;/a&gt; contains a (possibly empty) list of the logical predecessor(s) in the line of development, i.e. its parents." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_commit_object">commit object</a>  &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; (&vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy;) &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&shcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy; &lcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &tcy;&ocy; &iecy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefpeelapeel"><span data-i18n="099ae4672fc8922e18dc0a75b1ff155f414ef140cbe583c86e8440de05542029/8b" data-source="peel" onmousemove="i18n(this)">peel</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="940b894c03e2244db185f3cf62a5cf4b8fca1a6fe6aae97c21298fdf788bf96f/83" data-source="The action of recursively &lt;a href=&quot;#def_dereference&quot;&gt;dereferencing&lt;/a&gt; a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tag_object&quot;&gt;tag object&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_dereference">dereferencing</a>  &icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tag_object">tag object</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefpickaxeapickaxe"><span data-i18n="0671eac0518fe7fefc9f8f1aa3226920dc2f995e63da7bdef9efde29e1cf9444/74" data-source="pickaxe" onmousemove="i18n(this)">pickaxe</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="562ea4e17e73a3659d86aa36990e73e6f3db3be63efc128bb3e6b6fdc5b81f00/7d" data-source="The term &lt;a href=&quot;#def_pickaxe&quot;&gt;pickaxe&lt;/a&gt; refers to an option to the diffcore routines that help select changes that add or delete a given text string. With the &lt;code&gt;--pickaxe-all&lt;/code&gt; option, it can be used to view the full &lt;a href=&quot;#def_changeset&quot;&gt;changeset&lt;/a&gt; that introduced or removed, say, a particular line of text. See &lt;a href=&quot;git-diff&quot;&gt;git-diff[1]&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&mcy;&icy;&ncy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_pickaxe">pickaxe</a>  &ocy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&rcy; diffcore, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&icy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&ucy;. &Scy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&iecy;&jcy;  <code>--pickaxe-all</code>  &iecy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_changeset">changeset</a> , &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy; &vcy;&vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;, &scy;&kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&mcy;, &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;. &Scy;&mcy;.  <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff[1]</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefplumbingaplumbing"><span data-i18n="864b24fdae91ef938ba12b344c1652425531133b3194c9114475269e17257c47/22" data-source="plumbing" onmousemove="i18n(this)">plumbing</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="bb6606322d9ace3c7c5b368364ec4b7a9a0271d64ea4ae9d7dc1f972beb7a799/6b" data-source="Cute name for &lt;a href=&quot;#def_core_git&quot;&gt;core Git&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&icy;&mcy;&pcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_core_git">core Git</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefporcelainaporcelain"><span data-i18n="aa150d3005ceb681bba4a9e22f46207a63ba860d72563be0b0ee1b5ecb1d5c95/5b" data-source="porcelain" onmousemove="i18n(this)">porcelain</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="1db4043bd5ca13610d827e234c2ca74ceb6b4dd9fbc1ea610f07b37a7b531dc0/35" data-source="Cute name for programs and program suites depending on &lt;a href=&quot;#def_core_git&quot;&gt;core Git&lt;/a&gt;, presenting a high level access to core Git. Porcelains expose more of a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_SCM&quot;&gt;SCM&lt;/a&gt; interface than the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_plumbing&quot;&gt;plumbing&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&icy;&mcy;&pcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy; &icy; &pcy;&acy;&kcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&mcy;, &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy; &ocy;&tcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_core_git">core Git</a> , &ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&scy;&pcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy; &ucy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&acy; &kcy; &yacy;&dcy;&rcy;&ucy; Git. &Fcy;&acy;&rcy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&fcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&acy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_SCM">SCM</a> , &chcy;&iecy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_plumbing">plumbing</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefperworktreerefaper-worktreeref"><span data-i18n="e2acc09a1f001e6921132aa63287155960966c17bd304cbd9cc95e9904a98685/c8" data-source="per-worktree ref" onmousemove="i18n(this)">per-worktree ref</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="59a4d6bc07318e2b342263655f0c85df24f5215be8f3958c7edd58f359f6e687/9e" data-source="Refs that are per-&lt;a href=&quot;#def_worktree&quot;&gt;worktree&lt;/a&gt;, rather than global. This is presently only &lt;a href=&quot;#def_HEAD&quot;&gt;HEAD&lt;/a&gt; and any refs that start with &lt;code&gt;refs/bisect/&lt;/code&gt;, but might later include other unusual refs." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy;, &ocy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_worktree">worktree</a> , &acy; &ncy;&iecy; &gcy;&lcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy;. &Vcy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&yacy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_HEAD">HEAD</a>  &icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy;, &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;  <code>refs/bisect/</code> , &ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefpseudorefapseudoref"><span data-i18n="f100985377caff8a0df14a26a6e0413ccee7fd5bc401bbea95ba9a155de791ac/9f" data-source="pseudoref" onmousemove="i18n(this)">pseudoref</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="cd22c544c4805c12c3bffe09626d61c13505b661e7788c99f25798a5fb2590a9/bd" data-source="Pseudorefs are a class of files under &lt;code&gt;$GIT_DIR&lt;/code&gt; which behave like refs for the purposes of rev-parse, but which are treated specially by git. Pseudorefs both have names that are all-caps, and always start with a line consisting of a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_SHA1&quot;&gt;SHA-1&lt;/a&gt; followed by whitespace. So, HEAD is not a pseudoref, because it is sometimes a symbolic ref. They might optionally contain some additional data. &lt;code&gt;MERGE_HEAD&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;CHERRY_PICK_HEAD&lt;/code&gt; are examples. Unlike &lt;a href=&quot;#def_per_worktree_ref&quot;&gt;per-worktree refs&lt;/a&gt;, these files cannot be symbolic refs, and never have reflogs. They also cannot be updated through the normal ref update machinery. Instead, they are updated by directly writing to the files. However, they can be read as if they were refs, so &lt;code&gt;git rev-parse
MERGE_HEAD&lt;/code&gt; will work." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&scy;&iecy;&vcy;&dcy;&ocy;&rcy;&iecy;&fcy;&ycy; &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&lcy;&acy;&scy;&scy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;  <code>$GIT_DIR</code> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&tcy; &scy;&iecy;&bcy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &tscy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy; &acy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy;, &ncy;&ocy; git &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&acy;&tcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&khcy; &ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&mcy;. &Ocy;&bcy;&acy; &pcy;&scy;&iecy;&vcy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;, &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&lcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &bcy;&ucy;&kcy;&vcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &icy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&icy;, &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_SHA1">SHA-1</a> , &zcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&lcy;. &Icy;&tcy;&acy;&kcy;, HEAD &ncy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&scy;&iecy;&vcy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;, &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&acy;. &Ocy;&ncy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&ocy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy;. &Pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ycy;:  <code>MERGE_HEAD</code>  &icy;  <code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code> . &Vcy; &ocy;&tcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_per_worktree_ref">per-worktree refs</a> , &ecy;&tcy;&icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy; &ncy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &icy; &ncy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&yucy;&tcy; &zhcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy;&kcy;. &Icy;&khcy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &mcy;&iecy;&khcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&zcy;&mcy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy;&kcy;. &Vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&yacy;&mcy;&ocy;&jcy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&icy; &vcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ycy;. &Ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy; &icy;&khcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &pcy;&ocy;&ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;  <code>git rev-parse
MERGE_HEAD</code>  &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefpullapull"><span data-i18n="c5f5571c2c9c437485d5c572a3ad9efe51db8839cae2414732f051eaca6293fb/1b" data-source="pull" onmousemove="i18n(this)">pull</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="661c08de55b16be8ae080158009ae33723e9b4603521ae1a2070f2d88fd40c10/ff" data-source="Pulling a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt; means to &lt;a href=&quot;#def_fetch&quot;&gt;fetch&lt;/a&gt; it and &lt;a href=&quot;#def_merge&quot;&gt;merge&lt;/a&gt; it. See also &lt;a href=&quot;git-pull&quot;&gt;git-pull[1]&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy;&tcy;&acy;&shchcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a>  &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_fetch">fetch</a>  &icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_merge">merge</a> . &Scy;&mcy;. &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy;  <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull[1]</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefpushapush"><span data-i18n="d107ea3629c326718876f07356a48dea26f123742f8bf44ce75f8f805cf9a37d/4c" data-source="push" onmousemove="i18n(this)">push</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="1e0189ead298d7fc6a7fa9e72ce95ad69011f2abf464c9ad924bf5375f41f0ec/9a" data-source="Pushing a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt; means to get the branch&amp;rsquo;s &lt;a href=&quot;#def_head_ref&quot;&gt;head ref&lt;/a&gt; from a remote &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt;, find out if it is an ancestor to the branch&amp;rsquo;s local head ref, and in that case, putting all objects, which are &lt;a href=&quot;#def_reachable&quot;&gt;reachable&lt;/a&gt; from the local head ref, and which are missing from the remote repository, into the remote &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object_database&quot;&gt;object database&lt;/a&gt;, and updating the remote head ref. If the remote &lt;a href=&quot;#def_head&quot;&gt;head&lt;/a&gt; is not an ancestor to the local head, the push fails." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a>  &ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_head_ref">head ref</a>  &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ocy;&tcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a> , &vcy;&ycy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &lcy;&icy; &ocy;&ncy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&kcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &icy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_reachable">reachable</a>  &icy;&zcy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy; &icy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&ucy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy;. &icy;&zcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object_database">object database</a>  &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy; ref. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_head">head</a>  &ncy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy;, &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&chcy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefreachableareachable"><span data-i18n="6ef788f215cfb10bfc09047fa20e07171e49557482bbddb3b5998e8d02d347dc/77" data-source="reachable" onmousemove="i18n(this)">reachable</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="1f2bbd2ad2e733a339c5d8bb4c04e53ae7beab9db865bada55d9b7b23a3bba3f/dd" data-source="All of the ancestors of a given &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit&quot;&gt;commit&lt;/a&gt; are said to be &amp;quot;reachable&amp;quot; from that commit. More generally, one &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt; is reachable from another if we can reach the one from the other by a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_chain&quot;&gt;chain&lt;/a&gt; that follows &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tag&quot;&gt;tags&lt;/a&gt; to whatever they tag, &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit_object&quot;&gt;commits&lt;/a&gt; to their parents or trees, and &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tree_object&quot;&gt;trees&lt;/a&gt; to the trees or &lt;a href=&quot;#def_blob_object&quot;&gt;blobs&lt;/a&gt; that they contain." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Gcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&tcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&kcy;&icy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit">commit</a>  &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;  &quot;reachable&quot;  &icy;&zcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;. &Vcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&mcy;&ycy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;, &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a>  &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&ncy; &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &mcy;&ycy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&mcy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&softcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_chain">chain</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tag">tags</a>  &kcy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy;&chcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;,  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit_object">commits</a>  &kcy; &icy;&khcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&yacy;&mcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy;&mcy; &icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tree_object">trees</a>  &kcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy;&mcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_blob_object">blobs</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefreachabilitybitmapareachabilitybitmaps"><span data-i18n="e412c406be52e831c646db5ae2684a3896a1f8e10f5f120ca6bcac5ad927b64e/02" data-source="reachability bitmaps" onmousemove="i18n(this)">reachability bitmaps</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="58027dca9d9a78840b07e45ca6a9d33bc30713186835729e03396f922b7f0391/6d" data-source="Reachability bitmaps store information about the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_reachable&quot;&gt;reachability&lt;/a&gt; of a selected set of commits in a packfile, or a multi-pack index (MIDX), to speed up object search. The bitmaps are stored in a &amp;quot;.bitmap&amp;quot; file. A repository may have at most one bitmap file in use. The bitmap file may belong to either one pack, or the repository&amp;rsquo;s multi-pack index (if it exists)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy;&pcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_reachable">reachability</a>  &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy; &pcy;&acy;&kcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&iecy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&acy;&kcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; (MIDX), &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&icy;&scy;&kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Rcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&iecy;  &quot;.bitmap&quot; . &Vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy;. &Rcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&dcy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;&ucy; &pcy;&acy;&kcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ucy;, &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&ucy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&acy;&kcy;&iecy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; (&iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&ncy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;).</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefrebasearebase"><span data-i18n="a66eb0bb9047722fa4b65664997cede3cfa3f29b3e3485f0ed8dca91c48bf4c9/b0" data-source="rebase" onmousemove="i18n(this)">rebase</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="6d00b3ecc838aed5388fc60f91ad87c064b5c75b8a685bd09fa4e2f9151dd0cf/c5" data-source="To reapply a series of changes from a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt; to a different base, and reset the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_head&quot;&gt;head&lt;/a&gt; of that branch to the result." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&CHcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &scy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a>  &ncy;&acy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ucy;&yucy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&ucy; &icy; &scy;&bcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_head">head</a>  &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &kcy; &rcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&tcy;&ucy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefrefaref"><span data-i18n="3ff6c05723bb069d19953340320fa9512f0be584742703e60226ded28bb43861/63" data-source="ref" onmousemove="i18n(this)">ref</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="76bd6bc3a2b9b9640cae64e5fcfa2e1b43322d06c1661c264d0dd08bafce3e2f/63" data-source="A name that begins with &lt;code&gt;refs/&lt;/code&gt; (e.g. &lt;code&gt;refs/heads/master&lt;/code&gt;) that points to an &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object_name&quot;&gt;object name&lt;/a&gt; or another ref (the latter is called a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_symref&quot;&gt;symbolic ref&lt;/a&gt;). For convenience, a ref can sometimes be abbreviated when used as an argument to a Git command; see &lt;a href=&quot;gitrevisions&quot;&gt;gitrevisions[7]&lt;/a&gt; for details. Refs are stored in the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&mcy;&yacy;, &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;  <code>refs/</code>  (&ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;,  <code>refs/heads/master</code> ), &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object_name">object name</a>  &icy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ucy;&yucy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&ucy; (&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&yacy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_symref">symbolic ref</a> ). &Dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ucy;&dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&kcy;&rcy;&acy;&shchcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &vcy; &kcy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &acy;&rcy;&gcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;  Git ; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy;  <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions[7]</a> . &Rcy;&iecy;&fcy;&ycy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a> .</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="8e24d190f1695a969d8fdac3690a528574433a471a6bebb6ae0b5691e4db3eae/05" data-source="The ref namespace is hierarchical. Different subhierarchies are used for different purposes (e.g. the &lt;code&gt;refs/heads/&lt;/code&gt; hierarchy is used to represent local branches)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy; ref &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &icy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&mcy;. &Rcy;&acy;&zcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&icy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &tscy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy; (&ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &icy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&yacy;  <code>refs/heads/</code>  &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy;).</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="709020e0047cf49ba869e99eb219132c17bc0751ea2e952ad20d78c5d8b6c484/22" data-source="There are a few special-purpose refs that do not begin with &lt;code&gt;refs/&lt;/code&gt;. The most notable example is &lt;code&gt;HEAD&lt;/code&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&IEcy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy;&kcy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;  <code>refs/</code> . &Scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &yacy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy; &mdash;  <code>HEAD</code> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefreflogareflog"><span data-i18n="ee76b4b3c543947a684de5a115444a8315520ba8bebd3c69a25f99e6286843da/53" data-source="reflog" onmousemove="i18n(this)">reflog</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="1edd5dfd9da59d1604940a0c7a627b10b6f4a07173dc7a0df5691b14da8087b5/fd" data-source="A reflog shows the local &amp;quot;history&amp;quot; of a ref. In other words, it can tell you what the 3rd last revision in &lt;code&gt;this&lt;/code&gt; repository was, and what was the current state in &lt;code&gt;this&lt;/code&gt; repository, yesterday 9:14pm. See &lt;a href=&quot;git-reflog&quot;&gt;git-reflog[1]&lt;/a&gt; for details." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&ZHcy;&ucy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&lcy; &rcy;&iecy;&fcy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;&vcy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy;  &quot;history&quot;  &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy;. &Dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;, &ocy;&ncy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&acy;&mcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&yacy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;  <code>this</code>  &icy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &vcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;  <code>this</code>  &vcy;&chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy; &vcy; 21:14. &Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&mcy;. &vcy;  <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog[1]</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefrefspecarefspec"><span data-i18n="4de8a1f95089d88d4180534b754c9f204dd7a4eb14f3ba679a11104a09266780/14" data-source="refspec" onmousemove="i18n(this)">refspec</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="5a802919dd904af7a0ee66b77b92cd8519bc31559b8074fff5cd6760a17d465d/5f" data-source="A &amp;quot;refspec&amp;quot; is used by &lt;a href=&quot;#def_fetch&quot;&gt;fetch&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;#def_push&quot;&gt;push&lt;/a&gt; to describe the mapping between remote &lt;a href=&quot;#def_ref&quot;&gt;ref&lt;/a&gt; and local ref." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&quot;refspec&quot;  &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_fetch">fetch</a>  &icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_push">push</a>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_ref">ref</a>  &icy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefremotearemoterepository"><span data-i18n="363b29c109a7c13c34273f2925705f2776c8bbe19b8705cf638186e47d9656a8/bd" data-source="remote repository" onmousemove="i18n(this)">remote repository</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="750ebb3f2900ae25d9b820032d04eff7e3f6cb46baacccbda4f4128fe8b767ac/55" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt; which is used to track the same project but resides somewhere else. To communicate with remotes, see &lt;a href=&quot;#def_fetch&quot;&gt;fetch&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;#def_push&quot;&gt;push&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &gcy;&dcy;&iecy;-&tcy;&ocy; &vcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy; &mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;. &Dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&icy; &scy; &pcy;&ucy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&mcy;.  <a href="user-manual.html#def_fetch">fetch</a>  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_push">push</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefremotetrackingbrancharemote-trackingbranch"><span data-i18n="afc57be76a734262845fc991c499a911ffe9d3e084f52338c3310b967afe1707/be" data-source="remote-tracking branch" onmousemove="i18n(this)">remote-tracking branch</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="ba56249722ab915bf69a5b07fbf320100ddefcfc5543d9433eef851872a8bf7f/16" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_ref&quot;&gt;ref&lt;/a&gt; that is used to follow changes from another &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt;. It typically looks like &lt;code&gt;refs/remotes/foo/bar&lt;/code&gt; (indicating that it tracks a branch named &lt;code&gt;bar&lt;/code&gt; in a remote named &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;), and matches the right-hand-side of a configured fetch &lt;a href=&quot;#def_refspec&quot;&gt;refspec&lt;/a&gt;. A remote-tracking branch should not contain direct modifications or have local commits made to it." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_ref">ref</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a> . &Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy; &vcy;&ycy;&gcy;&lcy;&yacy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  <code>refs/remotes/foo/bar</code>  (&chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy; &tcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&softcy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>bar</code>  &ncy;&acy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &ucy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  <code>foo</code>  ) &icy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ocy;&jcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&ocy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_refspec">refspec</a>  . &Vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy; &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&ncy;&acy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&yacy;&mcy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefrepositoryarepository"><span data-i18n="e2885f2bbe3d7a8b08e328b9abf1e0824bebad97625b300e24649a256c6c4847/39" data-source="repository" onmousemove="i18n(this)">repository</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="9899d32be52e650b83c7817c2a02c3e69eb20666094b2b21e84a4a1c8e8ab9dd/d0" data-source="A collection of &lt;a href=&quot;#def_ref&quot;&gt;refs&lt;/a&gt; together with an &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object_database&quot;&gt;object database&lt;/a&gt; containing all objects which are &lt;a href=&quot;#def_reachable&quot;&gt;reachable&lt;/a&gt; from the refs, possibly accompanied by meta data from one or more &lt;a href=&quot;#def_porcelain&quot;&gt;porcelains&lt;/a&gt;. A repository can share an object database with other repositories via &lt;a href=&quot;#def_alternate_object_database&quot;&gt;alternates mechanism&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_ref">refs</a>  &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object_database">object database</a> , &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_reachable">reachable</a>  &icy;&zcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&ocy;&kcy;, &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &scy;&ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&iecy; &mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_porcelain">porcelains</a>  . &Rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&ucy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &scy;&ocy;&vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_alternate_object_database">alternates mechanism</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefresolvearesolve"><span data-i18n="fdf09cdfc26cccf610edccd7f9b558e1ce0a793a4ee57f8306df9058f1aa929b/b8" data-source="resolve" onmousemove="i18n(this)">resolve</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="f072535882440036c236fb3c9466f263d1e90be5bf51ca26ae4c96a6a28d0ae6/0e" data-source="The action of fixing up manually what a failed automatic &lt;a href=&quot;#def_merge&quot;&gt;merge&lt;/a&gt; left behind." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&iecy;&jcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy; &vcy;&rcy;&ucy;&chcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&lcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &scy;&iecy;&bcy;&yacy; &vcy;&ycy;&shcy;&iecy;&dcy;&shcy;&icy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&yacy; &acy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_merge">merge</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefrevisionarevision"><span data-i18n="2b214ddf3326016519afcb268f63623b80b91a65265277668e4d020d87dd9078/c9" data-source="revision" onmousemove="i18n(this)">revision</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="86ad450c9f3e1ed6a52d934217535058148aceb43b03b0d7dacbd437dbcf93e3/c6" data-source="Synonym for &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit&quot;&gt;commit&lt;/a&gt; (the noun)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit">commit</a>  (&scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&iecy;).</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefrewindarewind"><span data-i18n="c51185739fabdd96636a9025f6f622690e42e47c7166bdcb6b479f48e80a6202/93" data-source="rewind" onmousemove="i18n(this)">rewind</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="0efdc7ddb74ee81d04c94b3cbfd1b01024acb31e1c18ef8d2df0960c21244569/f5" data-source="To throw away part of the development, i.e. to assign the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_head&quot;&gt;head&lt;/a&gt; to an earlier &lt;a href=&quot;#def_revision&quot;&gt;revision&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&tcy;&bcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &tcy;.&iecy;. &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&scy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_head">head</a>  &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_revision">revision</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefSCMaSCM"><span data-i18n="111c776ca74cfedc23a2cff78dc35a69aa00a43bdbb0ad798113dd658c00d9d6/bf" data-source="SCM" onmousemove="i18n(this)">SCM</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="bd60cdcb802c58c99bff019dbf34ce486cfcf89830eb400021fc23ea1aab7d49/5e" data-source="Source code management (tool)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &icy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ocy;&mcy; (&icy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ucy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;).</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefSHA1aSHA-1"><span data-i18n="4690219b0143db1f74123496b6587a2c53869e2aa367649994254302cae32faa/65" data-source="SHA-1" onmousemove="i18n(this)">SHA-1</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="8685951ed73bd3b3f917aab6689afef66c398bad0d135f5b973e076e3ad61f11/37" data-source="&amp;quot;Secure Hash Algorithm 1&amp;quot;; a cryptographic hash function. In the context of Git used as a synonym for &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object_name&quot;&gt;object name&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&quot;Secure Hash Algorithm 1&quot; ; &kcy;&rcy;&icy;&pcy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&rcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy; &khcy;&ecy;&shcy;-&fcy;&ucy;&ncy;&kcy;&tscy;&icy;&yacy;. &Vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;  Git  &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &scy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object_name">object name</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefshallowcloneashallowclone"><span data-i18n="6289b2d39b465c75daba51601fc1b0a48931a2fe4679bc4bbe1b105433037154/bb" data-source="shallow clone" onmousemove="i18n(this)">shallow clone</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="c36f5ca5a823d690671d17cae65042b643874e5300823e39e867f162f773a693/7f" data-source="Mostly a synonym to &lt;a href=&quot;#def_shallow_repository&quot;&gt;shallow repository&lt;/a&gt; but the phrase makes it more explicit that it was created by running &lt;code&gt;git clone --depth=...&lt;/code&gt; command." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;&mcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_shallow_repository">shallow repository</a> , &ncy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy; &fcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy; &tcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ocy;&ncy; &bcy;&ycy;&lcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ycy;  <code>git clone --depth=...</code> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefshallowrepositoryashallowrepository"><span data-i18n="9f1e770c01cc136bccb2edd46ce144bb5a1555cb511f57da437c18e02d4c371f/8f" data-source="shallow repository" onmousemove="i18n(this)">shallow repository</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="3a2e54cfbc3dbddf35598e46d8b8a18f25703b4780668b01e7690a55e1c315fe/ae" data-source="A shallow &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt; has an incomplete history some of whose &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit&quot;&gt;commits&lt;/a&gt; have &lt;a href=&quot;#def_parent&quot;&gt;parents&lt;/a&gt; cauterized away (in other words, Git is told to pretend that these commits do not have the parents, even though they are recorded in the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit_object&quot;&gt;commit object&lt;/a&gt;). This is sometimes useful when you are interested only in the recent history of a project even though the real history recorded in the upstream is much larger. A shallow repository is created by giving the &lt;code&gt;--depth&lt;/code&gt; option to &lt;a href=&quot;git-clone&quot;&gt;git-clone[1]&lt;/a&gt;, and its history can be later deepened with &lt;a href=&quot;git-fetch&quot;&gt;git-fetch[1]&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&lcy;&ucy;&bcy;&ocy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a>  &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;, &ucy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &icy;&zcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit">commits</a> <a href="user-manual.html#def_parent">parents</a>  &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&zhcy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy; (&dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;,  Git  &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&icy;&dcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &ucy; &ecy;&tcy;&icy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &ncy;&iecy;&tcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &dcy;&acy;&zhcy;&iecy; &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&ycy; &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit_object">commit object</a>  ). &Icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&zcy;&ncy;&ocy;, &kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &vcy;&acy;&scy; &icy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&yacy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;, &khcy;&ocy;&tcy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;, &zcy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&shchcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&kcy;&iecy;, &ncy;&acy;&mcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy;. &Ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&lcy;&ucy;&bcy;&ocy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ucy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;  <code>--depth</code>  &dcy;&lcy;&yacy;  <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone[1]</a> , &acy; &iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &ucy;&gcy;&lcy;&ucy;&bcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy;  <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch[1]</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefstashastashentry"><span data-i18n="be77394d59fea0845ed2e23401889a769eba709ac489d21cfc0fdc4a1e2c6e32/47" data-source="stash entry" onmousemove="i18n(this)">stash entry</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="bc6cf6d23497f759c41f01f7f7134a22bb58b3c47c57d8d2b3768630d6ae395a/f3" data-source="An &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt; used to temporarily store the contents of a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_dirty&quot;&gt;dirty&lt;/a&gt; working directory and the index for future reuse." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a>  &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_dirty">dirty</a>  &icy; &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&acy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefsubmoduleasubmodule"><span data-i18n="d8566c566c6f671a5cc7779dc2cad0ddbdb68f37dc1e2e6157599ec585f4bf89/72" data-source="submodule" onmousemove="i18n(this)">submodule</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="52e3230a831f777899fa564afc59476d4fa1c2844ef746abeb2e10912f08d329/07" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt; that holds the history of a separate project inside another repository (the latter of which is called &lt;a href=&quot;#def_superproject&quot;&gt;superproject&lt;/a&gt;)." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a> , &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy; &vcy;&ncy;&ucy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; (&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_superproject">superproject</a> ).</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefsuperprojectasuperproject"><span data-i18n="2a3559f1e04f1c1585ce6ecc690a3936dcd908d4ffd68e80cfaeec2992b8e5dd/a6" data-source="superproject" onmousemove="i18n(this)">superproject</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="bc1080ae08505d3c6bce6641b27a2871f1b431da0154d77dedf8402cf7f4b470/8e" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_repository&quot;&gt;repository&lt;/a&gt; that references repositories of other projects in its working tree as &lt;a href=&quot;#def_submodule&quot;&gt;submodules&lt;/a&gt;. The superproject knows about the names of (but does not hold copies of) commit objects of the contained submodules." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_repository">repository</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_submodule">submodules</a> . &Scy;&ucy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy; (&ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy; &kcy;&ocy;&pcy;&icy;&icy;) &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy;&scy;&yacy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&mcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&lcy;&iecy;&jcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefsymrefasymref"><span data-i18n="a889c8d52256b46de14db386292db62dfb297d851ff6030c2a8e3d3c2111a890/3b" data-source="symref" onmousemove="i18n(this)">symref</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="ae51756400d9600e8fe61090d18b613e4999a583f8397bda8ca476b0addce5c6/da" data-source="Symbolic reference: instead of containing the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_SHA1&quot;&gt;SHA-1&lt;/a&gt; id itself, it is of the format &lt;code&gt;ref: refs/some/thing&lt;/code&gt; and when referenced, it recursively &lt;a href=&quot;#def_dereference&quot;&gt;dereferences&lt;/a&gt; to this reference. &lt;code&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#def_HEAD&quot;&gt;HEAD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is a prime example of a symref. Symbolic references are manipulated with the &lt;a href=&quot;git-symbolic-ref&quot;&gt;git-symbolic-ref[1]&lt;/a&gt; command." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&acy;: &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&icy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_SHA1">SHA-1</a> , &ocy;&ncy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;  <code>ref: refs/some/thing</code>  &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_dereference">dereferences</a>  &kcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&iecy;.  <code><a href="user-manual.html#def_HEAD">HEAD</a></code>  &mdash; &yacy;&rcy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy; symref. &Scy;&icy;&mcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &ucy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ocy;&jcy;  <a href="git-symbolic-ref.html">git-symbolic-ref[1]</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddeftagatag"><span data-i18n="2a1073a6e67f0e5f09a5957c659503c690efe7272be8313df872556a9a684d8c/eb" data-source="tag" onmousemove="i18n(this)">tag</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="047bf54ecd1127b753deb5262ed82d86f891ff159df3092f0c51e85ee61e55fc/a7" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_ref&quot;&gt;ref&lt;/a&gt; under &lt;code&gt;refs/tags/&lt;/code&gt; namespace that points to an object of an arbitrary type (typically a tag points to either a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tag_object&quot;&gt;tag&lt;/a&gt; or a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit_object&quot;&gt;commit object&lt;/a&gt;). In contrast to a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_head&quot;&gt;head&lt;/a&gt;, a tag is not updated by the &lt;code&gt;commit&lt;/code&gt; command. A Git tag has nothing to do with a Lisp tag (which would be called an &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object_type&quot;&gt;object type&lt;/a&gt; in Git&amp;rsquo;s context). A tag is most typically used to mark a particular point in the commit ancestry &lt;a href=&quot;#def_chain&quot;&gt;chain&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_ref">ref</a>  &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;  <code>refs/tags/</code> , &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&icy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy;&acy; (&ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tag_object">tag</a> , &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit_object">commit object</a>  ). &Vcy; &ocy;&tcy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy; &ocy;&tcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_head">head</a> , &tcy;&iecy;&gcy; &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ocy;&jcy;  <code>commit</code> . &Tcy;&iecy;&gcy;  Git  &ncy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy; Lisp (&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &vcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;  Git  &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object_type">object type</a> ). &Tcy;&iecy;&gcy; &chcy;&acy;&shchcy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&kcy;&iecy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_chain">chain</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddeftagobjectatagobject"><span data-i18n="6d78c8c87678196d6ccfe7ce628822d6b0385427aac572398b7c3d89840382dd/9a" data-source="tag object" onmousemove="i18n(this)">tag object</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="3603858978b84059bac432b9b4a6094ee27ee160250743bd1709aa63b9a6a589/b9" data-source="An &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt; containing a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_ref&quot;&gt;ref&lt;/a&gt; pointing to another object, which can contain a message just like a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit_object&quot;&gt;commit object&lt;/a&gt;. It can also contain a (PGP) signature, in which case it is called a &amp;quot;signed tag object&amp;quot;." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a> , &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_ref">ref</a> , &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &ncy;&acy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&bcy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit_object">commit object</a> . &Ocy;&ncy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&softcy; (PGP), &icy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &scy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy; &ocy;&ncy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  &quot;signed tag object&quot; .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddeftopicbranchatopicbranch"><span data-i18n="88c422e24e8af20b9a67d0cd986ba08f320e3121cbdb6533690ce496ca8e6c00/3b" data-source="topic branch" onmousemove="i18n(this)">topic branch</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="a6b33b0a8a58c95a1e055c87e598411e549fdcdfdfae6e5609cac68b4831e4ef/06" data-source="A regular Git &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt; that is used by a developer to identify a conceptual line of development. Since branches are very easy and inexpensive, it is often desirable to have several small branches that each contain very well defined concepts or small incremental yet related changes." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy;  Git   <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a> , &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tscy;&iecy;&pcy;&tcy;&ucy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;. &Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ycy; &icy; &ncy;&iecy;&dcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&icy;, &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &zhcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&jcy;, &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&softcy; &chcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ocy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tscy;&iecy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&pcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy;, &ncy;&ocy; &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddeftreeatree"><span data-i18n="dc9c5edb8b2d479e697b4b0b8ab874f32b325138598ce9e7b759eb8292110622/07" data-source="tree" onmousemove="i18n(this)">tree</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="0a84516a6888031a3fad9eb94a689e8dae1f3d770b8752924b55b1db4a40eaf6/bf" data-source="Either a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_working_tree&quot;&gt;working tree&lt;/a&gt;, or a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tree_object&quot;&gt;tree object&lt;/a&gt; together with the dependent &lt;a href=&quot;#def_blob_object&quot;&gt;blob&lt;/a&gt; and tree objects (i.e. a stored representation of a working tree)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_working_tree">working tree</a>  , &lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tree_object">tree object</a>  &vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;&mcy;&ycy;&mcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_blob_object">blob</a>  &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; (&tcy;. &iecy;. &scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;).</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddeftreeobjectatreeobject"><span data-i18n="ee6cffe35833e196b2a39c00d8b64af940be40b2dbc618e7a4b00d84f60bd5db/a5" data-source="tree object" onmousemove="i18n(this)">tree object</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="dba19660bb33d1c58224c8e91be67a407882731dfa3d24977747d9fc489102a3/c0" data-source="An &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt; containing a list of file names and modes along with refs to the associated blob and/or tree objects. A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tree&quot;&gt;tree&lt;/a&gt; is equivalent to a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_directory&quot;&gt;directory&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a> , &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &icy; &rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &acy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ycy; blob &icy;/&icy;&lcy;&icy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;.  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tree">tree</a>  &ecy;&kcy;&vcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&ncy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_directory">directory</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddeftree-ishatree-ishalsotreeish"><span data-i18n="03f20c897681e66a9b808e2adf600ec5528acaf05365692ed5ef359b97c66f68/16" data-source="tree-ish (also treeish)" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&dcy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&iecy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; (&tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &dcy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&iecy;&scy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy;)</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="de31f51bfdf01903133928cd6dec221afcd582fe76dfe77050e6abcb5bef3f40/e9" data-source="A &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tree_object&quot;&gt;tree object&lt;/a&gt; or an &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt; that can be recursively &lt;a href=&quot;#def_dereference&quot;&gt;dereferenced&lt;/a&gt; to a tree object. Dereferencing a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit_object&quot;&gt;commit object&lt;/a&gt; yields the tree object corresponding to the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_revision&quot;&gt;revision&lt;/a&gt;&amp;apos;s top &lt;a href=&quot;#def_directory&quot;&gt;directory&lt;/a&gt;. The following are all tree-ishes: a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_commit-ish&quot;&gt;commit-ish&lt;/a&gt;, a tree object, a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tag_object&quot;&gt;tag object&lt;/a&gt; that points to a tree object, a tag object that points to a tag object that points to a tree object, etc." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_tree_object">tree object</a>  &icy;&lcy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&vcy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&ycy; &vcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_dereference">dereferenced</a>  &kcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&ucy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;. &Rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit_object">commit object</a>  &dcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;, &scy;&ocy;&ocy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&khcy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_directory">directory</a> <a href="user-manual.html#def_revision">revision</a> . &Vcy;&scy;&iecy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&iecy; &ecy;&lcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ycy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy;:  <a href="user-manual.html#def_commit-ish">commit-ish</a> , &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;-&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;,  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tag_object">tag object</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;-&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;, &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;-&tcy;&iecy;&gcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;-&tcy;&iecy;&gcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;-&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy;, &icy; &tcy;.&nbsp;&dcy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefunbornaunborn"><span data-i18n="164cd74b8f7fb7dd9859151c9c05e6f28c7e085e168915b6acfa18502116530f/79" data-source="unborn" onmousemove="i18n(this)">unborn</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="b63fe8a4f55a07ab5dccc3bfbb9c1b7992335bacbe871c0ccfc3a3c238c5c993/43" data-source="The &lt;a href=&quot;#def_HEAD&quot;&gt;HEAD&lt;/a&gt; can point at a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt; that does not yet exist and that does not have any commit on it yet, and such a branch is called an unborn branch. The most typical way users encounter an unborn branch is by creating a repository anew without cloning from elsewhere. The HEAD would point at the &lt;code&gt;main&lt;/code&gt; (or &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt;, depending on your configuration) branch that is yet to be born. Also some operations can get you on an unborn branch with their &lt;a href=&quot;#def_orphan&quot;&gt;orphan&lt;/a&gt; option." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_HEAD">HEAD</a>  &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&tcy; &ncy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;, &icy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ncy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&softcy;&yucy;. &Scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &tcy;&icy;&pcy;&icy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;, &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &rcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;, &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;. HEAD &bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;  <code>main</code>  (&icy;&lcy;&icy;  <code>master</code> , &vcy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &ocy;&tcy; &vcy;&acy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&icy;&gcy;&ucy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;), &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&jcy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&icy;&tcy; &rcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;&scy;&yacy;. &Kcy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy;&iecy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &ocy;&pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &kcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy; &vcy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &rcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&softcy; &scy; &pcy;&ocy;&mcy;&ocy;&shchcy;&softcy;&yucy; &ocy;&pcy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_orphan">orphan</a> .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefunmergedindexaunmergedindex"><span data-i18n="ac21a03f276bd8905f9487876b90c97a04929265fbd24b32c4e72de38bb80fdb/1a" data-source="unmerged index" onmousemove="i18n(this)">unmerged index</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="fc2ba81ec4317a956ee58a57e682653c38a83730c3f01a77a2d0d90171691ba1/9b" data-source="An &lt;a href=&quot;#def_index&quot;&gt;index&lt;/a&gt; which contains unmerged &lt;a href=&quot;#def_index_entry&quot;&gt;index entries&lt;/a&gt;." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_index">index</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&vcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_index_entry">index entries</a>  .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefunreachableobjectaunreachableobject"><span data-i18n="71a8673baae04855bb8498ff54ae46976b101ad07e879b7943be328f0349e07f/6b" data-source="unreachable object" onmousemove="i18n(this)">unreachable object</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="8dd8bc7377c273a3858303002af602d6a80c3152acabf5c2c110c569efcee766/84" data-source="An &lt;a href=&quot;#def_object&quot;&gt;object&lt;/a&gt; which is not &lt;a href=&quot;#def_reachable&quot;&gt;reachable&lt;/a&gt; from a &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;#def_tag&quot;&gt;tag&lt;/a&gt;, or any other reference." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_object">object</a> , &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ncy;&iecy; &yacy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_reachable">reachable</a>  &icy;&zcy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a> ,  <a href="user-manual.html#def_tag">tag</a>  &icy;&lcy;&icy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ocy;&jcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefupstreambranchaupstreambranch"><span data-i18n="7d57333a9515a5f85bc1496d18c19ec42cc8c5d9e99f38351057ff327dd8e9dc/17" data-source="upstream branch" onmousemove="i18n(this)">upstream branch</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="0473025df55b2e578d13b00c075bb29e0d77bf51b9e932500a6c0c21f8784479/fe" data-source="The default &lt;a href=&quot;#def_branch&quot;&gt;branch&lt;/a&gt; that is merged into the branch in question (or the branch in question is rebased onto). It is configured via branch.&amp;lt;name&amp;gt;.remote and branch.&amp;lt;name&amp;gt;.merge. If the upstream branch of &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;origin/B&lt;/code&gt; sometimes we say &amp;quot;&lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; is tracking &lt;code&gt;origin/B&lt;/code&gt;&amp;quot;." onmousemove="i18n(this)"><a href="user-manual.html#def_branch">branch</a>  &pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&scy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy; (&icy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&acy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &rcy;&acy;&scy;&scy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&softcy;). &Ocy;&ncy; &ncy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &chcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&zcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;.&lt;&icy;&mcy;&yacy;&gt;.remote &icy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;.&lt;&icy;&mcy;&yacy;&gt;.merge. &IEcy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&yacy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&vcy;&softcy;  <code>A</code>  &mdash; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;  <code>origin/B</code> , &icy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &mcy;&ycy; &gcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;  &quot;  <code>A</code>   is tracking   <code>origin/B</code>  &quot; .</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefworkingtreeaworkingtree"><span data-i18n="29c60dd2623b7fd90e66a3bef63420413dc5741768f98bd4fd3d156d900a0e91/1a" data-source="working tree" onmousemove="i18n(this)">working tree</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="815aec32cc90173edea1e05ac99b160637df47711fba73f69e043bb3c6b7343b/82" data-source="The tree of actual checked out files. The working tree normally contains the contents of the &lt;a href=&quot;#def_HEAD&quot;&gt;HEAD&lt;/a&gt; commit&amp;rsquo;s tree, plus any local changes that you have made but not yet committed." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &fcy;&acy;&kcy;&tcy;&icy;&chcy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &Rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&ycy;&chcy;&ncy;&ocy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;  <a href="user-manual.html#def_HEAD">HEAD</a> , &acy; &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ycy;&iecy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;, &ncy;&ocy; &iecy;&shchcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy; &zcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;.</span></p> </dd> <dt id="Documentation/user-manual.txt-aiddefworktreeaworktree"><span data-i18n="d63516bc98983230cc2f6dff6e9c746d0b15e70026f924131114fdef35c11f83/ff" data-source="worktree" onmousemove="i18n(this)">worktree</span></dt> <dd> <p><span data-i18n="63f4d49a37b9e4ffb9dc9c7a8aecdc9d7e8347b69516b523c5d789a8fbd229d9/c5" data-source="A repository can have zero (i.e. bare repository) or one or more worktrees attached to it. One &amp;quot;worktree&amp;quot; consists of a &amp;quot;working tree&amp;quot; and repository metadata, most of which are shared among other worktrees of a single repository, and some of which are maintained separately per worktree (e.g. the index, HEAD and pseudorefs like MERGE_HEAD, per-worktree refs and per-worktree configuration file)." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy; (&tcy;. &iecy;. &pcy;&ucy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&jcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;) &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy; &ncy;&iecy;&mcy;&ucy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&khcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&iecy;&vcy;. &Ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;  &quot;worktree&quot;  &scy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&icy;&tcy; &icy;&zcy;  &quot;working tree&quot;  &icy; &mcy;&iecy;&tcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;, &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&acy;&yacy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&khcy; &scy;&ocy;&vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&softcy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;, &acy; &ncy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&iecy; &icy;&zcy; &ncy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy; &ocy;&tcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; (&ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;, &icy;&ncy;&dcy;&iecy;&kcy;&scy;, HEAD &icy; &pcy;&scy;&iecy;&vcy;&dcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy;, &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&iecy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy; MERGE_HEAD, &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy; &icy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&fcy;&icy;&gcy;&ucy;&rcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&acy;).</span></p> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="git-quick-start"><span data-i18n="6d4815accc606a54aa10689b5e41137f6172714e04d4c95d567613ba3a02c256/70" data-source="Appendix a: git quick reference" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&icy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &acy;: &Kcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy; &scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy; &pcy;&ocy;  git</span></h2> <div> <p><span data-i18n="767bb769f9d09884cae928a017dc10f466648f215b129422156b6dc2dcb68205/a6" data-source="This is a quick summary of the major commands; the previous chapters explain how these work in more detail." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ecy;&tcy;&ocy; &kcy;&rcy;&acy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy; &ocy;&bcy;&zcy;&ocy;&rcy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ycy;&dcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&icy;&khcy; &gcy;&lcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&khcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&iecy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;.</span></p> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="quick-creating-a-new-repository"><span data-i18n="eee030285bae8bbd69f3d3a43f255322ed95435d48bfe93401d17d69543f64ee/6b" data-source="Creating a new repository" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="4abda2797d48178de353fdc54449f2aafff29e5ae21d7712b86c1f878fd897ca/b1" data-source="From a tarball:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&zcy; &acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">tar xzf project.tar.gz</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> project</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git init</span>
Initialized empty Git repository in .git/
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git add .</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git commit</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="a61130c63b87fcf62e5f0815aca165250df165cc0760d069903f528ad390501d/fe" data-source="From a remote repository:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&zcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">clone</span> git://example.com/pub/project.git</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cd</span> project</span></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="managing-branches"><span data-i18n="ea0d4ae9b62abd83b24ee3beffdf457078cb8d33651df24d44f6d21ef2081622/fe" data-source="Managing branches" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Managing branches</span></h3> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git branch                        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# list all local branches in this repo"># &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git switch <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span>                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# switch working directory to branch &quot;test&quot;"># &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy; &ncy;&acy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;  &quot;test&quot;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git branch new                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# create branch &quot;new&quot; starting at current HEAD"># &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;  &quot;new&quot; , &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; HEAD</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git branch -d new                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# delete branch &quot;new&quot;"># &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;  &quot;new&quot;</span></span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="924efd986b7769ae836046d85d38cb539877c6418c8cfbd20319a626622f8c79/8a" data-source="Instead of basing a new branch on current HEAD (the default), use:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&mcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &ncy;&acy; &ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; HEAD (&pcy;&ocy; &ucy;&mcy;&ocy;&lcy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yucy;), &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git branch new <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span>    <span class="hljs-comment" title="# branch named &quot;test&quot;"># &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&acy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy;  &quot;test&quot;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git branch new v2.6.15 <span class="hljs-comment" title="# tag named v2.6.15"># &tcy;&iecy;&gcy; &scy; &icy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&mcy; v2.6.15</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git branch new HEAD^   <span class="hljs-comment" title="# commit before the most recent"># &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy; &scy;&acy;&mcy;&ycy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git branch new HEAD^^  <span class="hljs-comment" title="# commit before that"># &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &dcy;&ocy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git branch new <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span>~10 <span class="hljs-comment" title="# ten commits before tip of branch &quot;test&quot;"># &dcy;&iecy;&scy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&mcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;  &quot;test&quot;</span></span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="8302693aeeaf8e0902cd347e837fdc3e90f89f17e0a66b0705efbf969b1f6560/2a" data-source="Create and switch to a new branch at the same time:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy; &ncy;&acy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-cpp">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">switch</span> -c <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> v2<span class="hljs-number">.6</span><span class="hljs-number">.15</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="182674790ff2c1ef9ca223a5b79d04b0fa1624d316d22d9c193c62a878fccb33/63" data-source="Update and examine branches from the repository you cloned from:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;, &icy;&zcy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ycy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git fetch                <span class="hljs-comment"># update</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git branch -r                <span class="hljs-comment"># list</span>
  origin/master
  origin/<span class="hljs-keyword">next</span>
  ...
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git switch -c masterwork origin/master</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="bc6d8298b83e1b37980c972e5a3a35f19e7853d80ca1268af89ae223f2705464/6f" data-source="Fetch a branch from a different repository, and give it a new name in your repository:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &icy;&zcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy; &icy; &dcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &iecy;&jcy; &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy; &icy;&mcy;&yacy; &vcy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&iecy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git fetch <span class="hljs-symbol">git:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/example.com/project</span>.git <span class="hljs-symbol">theirbranch:</span>mybranch
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git fetch <span class="hljs-symbol">git:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/example.com/project</span>.git v2.<span class="hljs-number">6.15</span><span class="hljs-symbol">:mybranch</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="3a7c497a49f734afcc4d24f764f4f9e5809333652d53978cfa87b298309f87b4/92" data-source="Keep a list of repositories you work with regularly:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&vcy;, &scy; &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&mcy;&icy; &vcy;&ycy; &rcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ucy;&lcy;&yacy;&rcy;&ncy;&ocy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;&iecy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git remote add example <span class="hljs-symbol">git:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/example.com/project</span>.git
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git remote                        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# list remote repositories"># &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&vcy;</span>
example
origin
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git remote show example        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# get details"># &ucy;&zcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;</span>
* remote example
  <span class="hljs-variable constant_">URL</span>: <span class="hljs-symbol">git:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/example.com/project</span>.git
  <span class="hljs-title class_">Tracked</span> remote branches
    master
    <span class="hljs-keyword">next</span>
    ...
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git fetch example                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# update branches from example"># &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git branch -r                        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# list all remote branches"># &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;</span></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="exploring-history"><span data-i18n="25841fc5a113fdee15ec1bc5c5641efab0b326fbf99942856dd66b94d963093c/88" data-source="Exploring history" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Exploring history</span></h3> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">gitk                            <span class="hljs-comment" title="# visualize and browse history"># &vcy;&icy;&zcy;&ucy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&mcy; &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yucy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span>                    <span class="hljs-comment" title="# list all commits"># &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&chcy;&icy;&scy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ycy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> src/                    <span class="hljs-comment" title="# ...modifying src/"># ...&icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; src/</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> v2.6.15..v2.6.16  <span class="hljs-comment" title="# ...in v2.6.16, not in v2.6.15"># ...&vcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; 2.6.16, &acy; &ncy;&iecy; &vcy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&icy; 2.6.15</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> master..test            <span class="hljs-comment" title="# ...in branch test, not in branch master"># ...&vcy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &acy; &ncy;&iecy; &vcy; &mcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> test..master            <span class="hljs-comment" title="# ...in branch master, but not in test"># ...&vcy; &mcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &vcy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> test...master            <span class="hljs-comment" title="# ...in one branch, not in both"># ...&vcy; &ocy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;, &acy; &ncy;&iecy; &vcy; &ocy;&bcy;&iecy;&icy;&khcy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> -S<span class="hljs-string">&apos;foo()&apos;</span>            <span class="hljs-comment" title="# ...where difference contain &quot;foo()&quot;"># ...&gcy;&dcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&acy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&tcy;  &quot;foo()&quot;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> --since=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;2 weeks ago&quot;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">log</span> -p                    <span class="hljs-comment" title="# show patches as well"># &tcy;&acy;&kcy;&zhcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&icy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git show                    <span class="hljs-comment" title="# most recent commit"># &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git diff v2.6.15..v2.6.16 <span class="hljs-comment" title="# diff between two tagged versions"># &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&acy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &dcy;&vcy;&ucy;&mcy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&gcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git diff v2.6.15..HEAD    <span class="hljs-comment" title="# diff with current head"># &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&acy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git grep <span class="hljs-string">&quot;foo()&quot;</span>            <span class="hljs-comment" title="# search working directory for &quot;foo()&quot;"># &pcy;&ocy;&icy;&scy;&kcy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&acy;&tcy;&acy;&lcy;&ocy;&gcy;&acy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy;  &quot;foo()&quot;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git grep v2.6.15 <span class="hljs-string">&quot;foo()&quot;</span>  <span class="hljs-comment" title="# search old tree for &quot;foo()&quot;"># &pcy;&ocy;&icy;&scy;&kcy; &vcy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ocy;&mcy; &dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&iecy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy;  &quot;foo()&quot;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git show v2.6.15:a.txt    <span class="hljs-comment" title="# look at old version of a.txt"># &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy; &ncy;&acy; &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yucy; a.txt</span></span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="b2dab5742ae0d4003d088cb2b0d27cb19d656394dead995d5a2bdb581aa148a8/2b" data-source="Search for regressions:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&icy;&scy;&kcy; &rcy;&iecy;&gcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&icy;&jcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git bisect start
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git bisect bad                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# current version is bad"># &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&lcy;&ocy;&khcy;&acy;&yacy;</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git bisect good v2.<span class="hljs-number">6.13</span>-rc2        <span class="hljs-comment" title="# last known good revision"># &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&yacy;&yacy; &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy;</span>
<span class="hljs-title class_">Bisecting</span>: <span class="hljs-number">675</span> revisions left to test after this
                                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# test here, then:"># &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy; &zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy;, &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;:</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git bisect good                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# if this revision is good, or"># &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&yacy; &khcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&shcy;&acy;&yacy;, &icy;&lcy;&icy;</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git bisect bad                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# if this revision is bad."># &iecy;&scy;&lcy;&icy; &ecy;&tcy;&acy; &rcy;&iecy;&vcy;&icy;&zcy;&icy;&yacy; &pcy;&lcy;&ocy;&khcy;&acy;&yacy;.</span>
                                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# repeat until done."># &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&tcy;&softcy; &dcy;&ocy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&shcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="making-changes"><span data-i18n="cc1dca8fe87d8f3fa19f20fb590dbf1f159e7a34a90d2b632510855374e6d28c/a9" data-source="Making changes" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Making changes</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="fb525fef3fa5d05f5e3abe44b71f6d391ad8823f068b23516d3ab23f8b6b50cb/26" data-source="Make sure Git knows who to blame:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ucy;&bcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy;&scy;&softcy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;  Git  &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&iecy;&tcy;, &kcy;&tcy;&ocy; &vcy;&icy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cat</span> &gt;&gt;~/.gitconfig &lt;&lt;\EOF</span>
[user]
        name = Your Name Comes Here
        email = <a href="https://runebook.dev/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="ccb5a3b98cb5a3b9bea8a3a1ada5a2e2a9b4ada1bca0a9e2afa3a1">[email&#160;protected]</a>
EOF</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="8cea0797c9e8b5a1508de573dd6737fce84888d6c2802439b01bc38dc344b0f3/67" data-source="Select file contents to include in the next commit, then make the commit:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Vcy;&ycy;&bcy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&acy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &vcy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&jcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;, &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git add a.txt    <span class="hljs-comment" title="# updated file"># &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git add b.txt    <span class="hljs-comment" title="# new file"># &ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git <span class="hljs-built_in">rm</span> c.txt     <span class="hljs-comment" title="# old file"># &scy;&tcy;&acy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git commit</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="bf3c0f80ce992cb46060bd6fda1782af9a2c1561501eb83e236f7b2e4889e4bc/fc" data-source="Or, prepare and create the commit in one step:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&lcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&gcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy; &icy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy; &zcy;&acy; &ocy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy; &shcy;&acy;&gcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git commit d.txt <span class="hljs-comment" title="# use latest content only of d.txt"># &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &tcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&kcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; d.txt</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git commit -a           <span class="hljs-comment" title="# use latest content of all tracked files"># &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&iecy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;&khcy; &ocy;&tcy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&khcy; &fcy;&acy;&jcy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;</span></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="merging"><span data-i18n="a975de4f960f3d4037e9c3273bdcd2417b9002eeadd75c7b76d823e0a074f234/e8" data-source="Merging" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Merging</span></h3> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git merge test   <span class="hljs-comment" title="# merge branch &quot;test&quot; into the current branch"># &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy;  &quot;test&quot;  &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git pull <span class="hljs-symbol">git:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/example.com/project</span>.git master
                   <span class="hljs-comment" title="# fetch and merge in remote branch"># &icy;&zcy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy; &icy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&yacy;&iecy;&mcy; &vcy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy;</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git pull . test  <span class="hljs-comment" title="# equivalent to git merge test"># &ecy;&kcy;&vcy;&icy;&vcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy; &tcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ucy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; git</span></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="sharing-your-changes"><span data-i18n="96ee243d0a7984f92fda48f37f461a343a6c3eb65e3dc7729fd7c04b2e3e926e/7c" data-source="Sharing your changes" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&icy;&mcy;&scy;&yacy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &icy;&zcy;&mcy;&iecy;&ncy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;&mcy;&icy;</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="c62a97f2a2624f76438484d83503be591ad7298fa3f311893dabab105b495c0c/17" data-source="Importing or exporting patches:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Icy;&mcy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy; &icy;&lcy;&icy; &ecy;&kcy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git format-patch origin..<span class="hljs-variable constant_">HEAD</span> <span class="hljs-comment" title="# format a patch for each commit"># &fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &kcy;&acy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;</span>
                                <span class="hljs-comment" title="# in HEAD but not in origin"># &vcy; HEAD, &ncy;&ocy; &ncy;&iecy; &vcy; &icy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&iecy;</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git am mbox <span class="hljs-comment" title="# import patches from the mailbox &quot;mbox&quot;"># &icy;&mcy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy; &pcy;&acy;&tcy;&chcy;&iecy;&jcy; &icy;&zcy; &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &yacy;&shchcy;&icy;&kcy;&acy;  &quot;mbox&quot;</span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="fca1e14d808d86b00a040e575dd5c09d41f2690c1d0f4ce94d66e931a078ea26/bd" data-source="Fetch a branch in a different Git repository, then merge into the current branch:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &vcy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&icy;  Git , &zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&iecy;&dcy;&icy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &iecy;&iecy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git pull <span class="hljs-symbol">git:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/example.com/project</span>.git theirbranch</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="7c96421717f1e83a926afc43ac9fc1e35a30383baddc30f5e63a146759835d1a/cb" data-source="Store the fetched branch into a local branch before merging into the current branch:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&ocy;&khcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ucy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &vcy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy; &scy;&lcy;&icy;&yacy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &scy; &tcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git pull <span class="hljs-symbol">git:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/example.com/project</span>.git <span class="hljs-symbol">theirbranch:</span>mybranch</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="d14da69b5aba54cf35a6d6e26400c0870fa19de642d89a2765b207fadb89d0b9/22" data-source="After creating commits on a local branch, update the remote branch with your commits:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&vcy; &vcy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ucy;&yucy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ucy; &scy;&vcy;&ocy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&mcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-perl">$ git <span class="hljs-keyword">push</span> ssh:<span class="hljs-regexp">//</span>example.com/project.git mybranch:theirbranch</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="2402db385c4c60130039f2deffc83fb969cdbd42186977fa2f2317d0a71cc614/93" data-source="When remote and local branch are both named &amp;quot;test&amp;quot;:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Kcy;&ocy;&gcy;&dcy;&acy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &icy; &lcy;&ocy;&kcy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy;&zcy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&yucy;&tcy;&scy;&yacy;  &quot;test&quot; :</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git push ssh://example.com/project.git <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span></span></pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="d1c5646b75104821a67863cf2f07ba0e51c47b00218577968e369bde8edb75dd/73" data-source="Shortcut version for a frequently used remote repository:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&chcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&yacy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git remote add example ssh://example.com/project.git</span>
<span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">git push example <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span></span></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="repository-maintenance"><span data-i18n="7f9ce67957e44fb4cae831edcafb115181b48e79a337c564edd75fd79e439e24/45" data-source="Repository maintenance" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Repository maintenance</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="36a95dc8476dd7f4aa4efd70591ff0fea6703dcba43f617935597a7d480611d7/77" data-source="Check for corruption:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&chcy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git fsck</pre> </div> </div> <p><span data-i18n="a03629d458519ded7689447c07f449e01c94195a6388b36b5cde542f340eaf2b/45" data-source="Recompress, remove unused cruft:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;, &ucy;&dcy;&acy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &ncy;&iecy;&icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ucy;&iecy;&mcy;&ycy;&jcy; &mcy;&ucy;&scy;&ocy;&rcy;:</span></p> <div> <div> <pre class="hljs language-ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>git gc</pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="todo"><span data-i18n="e7f933a0d2e0fe56809dae53f603340d1947a5d33a5212c116e723c246dac499/df" data-source="Appendix b: notes and todo list for this manual" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&icy;&lcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy; b: &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&chcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &icy; &scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &zcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&chcy; &dcy;&lcy;&yacy; &dcy;&acy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&gcy;&ocy; &rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&acy;.</span></h2> <div> <div> <h3 class="text-body-emphasis"  id="todo-list"><span data-i18n="7defb838e246843f35c0bb2ae921af5d35ade60c58e8dc004123b284d867372d/95" data-source="Todo list" onmousemove="i18n(this)">Todo list</span></h3> <p><span data-i18n="324fdcdc240fe470288d64ddec59f1a8c12df0699240f19e2ae76b9d15c07dc4/30" data-source="This is a work in progress." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&acy; &vcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&tscy;&iecy;&scy;&scy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a893606ec643f9bf959d242fd7ddaec56ef6e4290aad901e96343305536dba4b/0d" data-source="The basic requirements:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&scy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;:</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="b42bc29af938dcb6c0514975fa09d2333b834679156253a81afdc2368b5542a2/e9" data-source="It must be readable in order, from beginning to end, by someone intelligent with a basic grasp of the UNIX command line, but without any special knowledge of Git. If necessary, any other prerequisites should be specifically mentioned as they arise." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ocy;&ncy; &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&iecy;&ncy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy; &pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&yacy;&dcy;&kcy;&ucy;, &ocy;&tcy; &ncy;&acy;&chcy;&acy;&lcy;&acy; &dcy;&ocy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tscy;&acy;, &chcy;&iecy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&kcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &ocy;&bcy;&lcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&yucy;&shchcy;&icy;&mcy; &bcy;&acy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ycy;&mcy; &pcy;&ocy;&ncy;&icy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&iecy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&kcy;&icy; UNIX, &ncy;&ocy; &bcy;&iecy;&zcy; &kcy;&acy;&kcy;&icy;&khcy;-&lcy;&icy;&bcy;&ocy; &scy;&pcy;&iecy;&tscy;&icy;&acy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy; &ocy; Git. &Pcy;&rcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &scy;&lcy;&iecy;&dcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &ocy;&scy;&ocy;&bcy;&ocy; &ucy;&kcy;&acy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &lcy;&yucy;&bcy;&ycy;&iecy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&iecy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&pcy;&ocy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy; &mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy; &icy;&khcy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy;.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="3861d7e11e48d62724cb33e9fe60fb6e491ebf31930d9657c7adef16b01a8377/86" data-source="Whenever possible, section headings should clearly describe the task they explain how to do, in language that requires no more knowledge than necessary: for example, &amp;quot;importing patches into a project&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;the &lt;code&gt;git am&lt;/code&gt; command&amp;quot;" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy; &vcy;&ocy;&zcy;&mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &zcy;&acy;&gcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy;&kcy;&icy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&ocy;&vcy; &dcy;&ocy;&lcy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy; &chcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&ocy; &ocy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ycy;&vcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &zcy;&acy;&dcy;&acy;&chcy;&ucy;, &ocy;&bcy;&hardcy;&yacy;&scy;&ncy;&yacy;&yucy;&shchcy;&ucy;&yucy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &iecy;&iecy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&ncy;&icy;&tcy;&softcy;, &ncy;&acy; &yacy;&zcy;&ycy;&kcy;&iecy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &ncy;&iecy; &tcy;&rcy;&iecy;&bcy;&ucy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &zcy;&ncy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&jcy;, &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;: &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;,  &quot;importing patches into a project&quot; , &acy; &ncy;&iecy;  &quot;the   <code>git am</code>   command&quot; .</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> <p><span data-i18n="b561b3bf4eaa8ade8f2941f7ac3cb90dccbd9cea34e61ac12d327f267b3884d4/3c" data-source="Think about how to create a clear chapter dependency graph that will allow people to get to important topics without necessarily reading everything in between." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&ucy;&mcy;&acy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &ocy; &tcy;&ocy;&mcy;, &kcy;&acy;&kcy; &scy;&ocy;&zcy;&dcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &chcy;&iecy;&tcy;&kcy;&icy;&jcy; &gcy;&rcy;&acy;&fcy;&icy;&kcy; &zcy;&acy;&vcy;&icy;&scy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &gcy;&lcy;&acy;&vcy;, &kcy;&ocy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ycy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&vcy;&ocy;&lcy;&icy;&tcy; &lcy;&yucy;&dcy;&yacy;&mcy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&jcy;&tcy;&icy; &kcy; &vcy;&acy;&zhcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;&mcy;, &ncy;&iecy; &ocy;&bcy;&yacy;&zcy;&acy;&tcy;&iecy;&lcy;&softcy;&ncy;&ocy; &chcy;&icy;&tcy;&acy;&yacy; &vcy;&scy;&iecy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy; &mcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&ucy; &ncy;&icy;&mcy;&icy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="24dcc6592fde2f878ed93acee4359be1de326a172ee15d2c82bdd6e0857ff24c/cb" data-source="Scan &lt;code&gt;Documentation/&lt;/code&gt; for other stuff left out; in particular:" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&kcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy;  <code>Documentation/</code>  &ncy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy;; &vcy; &chcy;&acy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy;:</span></p> <div> <ul> <li> <p><span data-i18n="3012b0b84c7f57c97829124b603595fac3758a44b78a94a79375be7ed7e314b7/98" data-source="howto&amp;rsquo;s" onmousemove="i18n(this)">howto&rsquo;s</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="c0cde19d28fa8bcd47e51c678966d718a23b52105e2aaa83215d76f19be64399/2a" data-source="some of &lt;code&gt;technical/&lt;/code&gt;?" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&kcy;&acy;&kcy;&ocy;&jcy;-&ncy;&icy;&bcy;&ucy;&dcy;&softcy;  <code>technical/</code> ?</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="a9fa9fda98d7712cf2c04ce6206e406c554572bedfeac6e441f13410980f7f82/56" data-source="hooks" onmousemove="i18n(this)">hooks</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span data-i18n="ff988fdf88a81135ca6a004d15ecbdd90969c34a92a415860c9b0936347098c1/e2" data-source="list of commands in &lt;a href=&quot;git&quot;&gt;git[1]&lt;/a&gt;" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&scy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&ocy;&kcy; &kcy;&ocy;&mcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy; &vcy;  <a href="git.html">git[1]</a></span></p> </li> </ul> </div> <p><span data-i18n="2f13a9743217745925351c834574c68b9c0d23513d8e61f755466a2e7c27dc50/89" data-source="Scan email archives for other stuff left out" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Scy;&kcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&rcy;&ucy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&vcy;&ycy; &ecy;&lcy;&iecy;&kcy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ncy;&ocy;&jcy; &pcy;&ocy;&chcy;&tcy;&ycy; &ncy;&acy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&mcy;&iecy;&tcy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&pcy;&ucy;&shchcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &vcy;&iecy;&shchcy;&iecy;&jcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a4b1b034a5d764f5d3ba7a2d0e3a4f825187270a5313a27310f67913a4455a84/79" data-source="Scan man pages to see if any assume more background than this manual provides." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&mcy;&ocy;&tcy;&rcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy;&pcy;&rcy;&acy;&vcy;&ocy;&chcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&tcy;&rcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&tscy;&ycy;, &chcy;&tcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ycy; &ucy;&vcy;&icy;&dcy;&iecy;&tcy;&softcy;, &ncy;&iecy; &scy;&ocy;&dcy;&iecy;&rcy;&zhcy;&acy;&tcy; &lcy;&icy; &ocy;&ncy;&icy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &icy;&ncy;&fcy;&ocy;&rcy;&mcy;&acy;&tscy;&icy;&icy;, &chcy;&iecy;&mcy; &pcy;&rcy;&iecy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&ocy; &vcy; &ecy;&tcy;&ocy;&mcy; &rcy;&ucy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;&ocy;&dcy;&scy;&tcy;&vcy;&iecy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="7b13c6366a385ba6ea7cc592055c3a19e84510a6d0557ea86eb52351ffc2aade/62" data-source="Add more good examples. Entire sections of just cookbook examples might be a good idea; maybe make an &amp;quot;advanced examples&amp;quot; section a standard end-of-chapter section?" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&lcy;&yacy;&jcy;&tcy;&iecy; &bcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&shcy;&iecy; &khcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&shcy;&icy;&khcy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ocy;&vcy;. &TScy;&iecy;&lcy;&ycy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&ycy; &scy; &pcy;&rcy;&icy;&mcy;&iecy;&rcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &kcy;&ucy;&lcy;&icy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&ncy;&ycy;&khcy; &kcy;&ncy;&icy;&gcy; &mcy;&ocy;&gcy;&ucy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy; &khcy;&ocy;&rcy;&ocy;&shcy;&iecy;&jcy; &icy;&dcy;&iecy;&iecy;&jcy;; &mcy;&ocy;&zhcy;&iecy;&tcy; &bcy;&ycy;&tcy;&softcy;, &scy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&acy;&tcy;&softcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;  &quot;advanced examples&quot;  &scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&dcy;&acy;&rcy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&mcy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy;&ocy;&mcy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tscy;&acy; &gcy;&lcy;&acy;&vcy;&ycy;?</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="a830040e3a5d7b3c5153766fc361b86c2e71e2c8770db25e7be6bade9c81281e/20" data-source="Include cross-references to the glossary, where appropriate." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&rcy;&icy; &ncy;&iecy;&ocy;&bcy;&khcy;&ocy;&dcy;&icy;&mcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&icy; &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &pcy;&iecy;&rcy;&iecy;&kcy;&rcy;&iecy;&scy;&tcy;&ncy;&ycy;&iecy; &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &gcy;&lcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="97183d7da8276ab89cb16ab52ed782b8a3ddf5fe8e3ed75a1aa4ddb170172386/cf" data-source="Add a section on working with other version control systems, including CVS, Subversion, and just imports of series of release tarballs." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Dcy;&ocy;&bcy;&acy;&vcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy; &rcy;&acy;&zcy;&dcy;&iecy;&lcy; &ocy; &rcy;&acy;&bcy;&ocy;&tcy;&iecy; &scy; &dcy;&rcy;&ucy;&gcy;&icy;&mcy;&icy; &scy;&icy;&scy;&tcy;&iecy;&mcy;&acy;&mcy;&icy; &kcy;&ocy;&ncy;&tcy;&rcy;&ocy;&lcy;&yacy; &vcy;&iecy;&rcy;&scy;&icy;&jcy;, &vcy;&kcy;&lcy;&yucy;&chcy;&acy;&yacy; CVS, Subversion &icy; &pcy;&rcy;&ocy;&scy;&tcy;&ocy; &icy;&mcy;&pcy;&ocy;&rcy;&tcy; &acy;&rcy;&khcy;&icy;&vcy;&ocy;&vcy; &scy;&iecy;&rcy;&icy;&jcy; &vcy;&ycy;&pcy;&ucy;&scy;&kcy;&ocy;&vcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="2ee6cee8bbb01e2bb1fc560e90ce4492e52139b482b0f251ca912e73754ff611/2c" data-source="Write a chapter on using plumbing and writing scripts." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Ncy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&shcy;&icy;&tcy;&iecy; &gcy;&lcy;&acy;&vcy;&ucy; &ocy;&bcy; &icy;&scy;&pcy;&ocy;&lcy;&softcy;&zcy;&ocy;&vcy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &scy;&acy;&ncy;&tcy;&iecy;&khcy;&ncy;&icy;&kcy;&icy; &icy; &ncy;&acy;&pcy;&icy;&scy;&acy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &scy;&tscy;&iecy;&ncy;&acy;&rcy;&icy;&iecy;&vcy;.</span></p> <p><span data-i18n="29c5fadbd31ed167cb02562b469545ad385625b0230a4ffc2c0121f9dcdc06ff/8c" data-source="Alternates, clone -reference, etc." onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Acy;&lcy;&softcy;&tcy;&iecy;&rcy;&ncy;&acy;&tcy;&icy;&vcy;&ycy;, &scy;&scy;&ycy;&lcy;&kcy;&icy; &ncy;&acy; &kcy;&lcy;&ocy;&ncy;&ycy; &icy; &tcy;. &dcy;.</span></p> <p> <span data-i18n="10ef0a7dd4e510cf63607939db50af547d76dc97dba0b422a20fc181327a3b17/cc" data-source="More on recovery from repository corruption. See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://lore.kernel.org/git/Pine.LNX.4.64.0702272039540.12485@woody.linux-foundation.org/&quot;&gt;https://lore.kernel.org/git/Pine.LNX.4.64.0702272039540.12485@woody.linux-foundation.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://lore.kernel.org/git/Pine.LNX.4.64.0702141033400.3604@woody.linux-foundation.org/&quot;&gt;https://lore.kernel.org/git/Pine.LNX.4.64.0702141033400.3604@woody.linux-foundation.org/&lt;/a&gt;" onmousemove="i18n(this)">&Pcy;&ocy;&dcy;&rcy;&ocy;&bcy;&ncy;&iecy;&iecy; &ocy; &vcy;&ocy;&scy;&scy;&tcy;&acy;&ncy;&ocy;&vcy;&lcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&icy; &pcy;&ocy;&scy;&lcy;&iecy; &pcy;&ocy;&vcy;&rcy;&iecy;&zhcy;&dcy;&iecy;&ncy;&icy;&yacy; &rcy;&iecy;&pcy;&ocy;&zcy;&icy;&tcy;&ocy;&rcy;&icy;&yacy;. &Scy;&mcy;.:  <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/Pine.LNX.4.64.0702272039540.12485@woody.linux-foundation.org/">https://lore.kernel.org/git/<span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="27774e4942096b697f0913091113091710171515101517141e121317091615131f1267504848435e094b4e49525f0a414852494346534e484909485540">[email&#160;protected]</span>/</a> <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/Pine.LNX.4.64.0702141033400.3604@woody.linux-foundation.org/">https://lore.kernel.org/git/<span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="ecbc858289c2a0a2b4c2d8c2dad8c2dcdbdcdeddd8dddcdfdfd8dcdcc2dfdadcd8ac9b83838895c28085829994c18a839982888d98858382c2839e8b">[email&#160;protected]</span>/</a></span></p> </div> </div><address>
<p>
    &copy; 2012&ndash;2024 Scott Chacon and others<br/>Licensed under the MIT License.<br/>
<a href="https://git-scm.com/docs/user-manual">https://git-scm.com/docs/user-manual</a>
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